蘇格蘭公投在全世界引起了什麼反響？

Scotland's historic referendum on independence has resonated across the world, with many countries watching its outcome closely.

BBC correspondents in Australia, Canada, India, Spain, Italy, Germany, and Romania take a look at how Scotland's "No" vote has been received and what it means for the countries they cover.

蘇格蘭歷史性的獨立公投引起了全世界人的關注，許多國家密切關注其結果。

BBC在澳大利亞、加拿大、印度、西班牙、意大利、德國以及羅馬尼亞的記者觀察這些國家如何看待蘇格蘭拒絕獨立以及該結果對他們所在國家的影響。

Spain

- Tom Burridge

Catalonia is probably the place outside of the UK where Scotland's referendum had, and still has, most resonance.

Why? Because the Catalan government plans a Scottish-style vote on independence on 9 November, even though the Spanish government has called it "illegal".

Waking up on Friday, pro-independence Catalans, at least privately, cannot fail to be disappointed.

The Catalan president, who is expected to get the green light from the regional parliament in Barcelona to hold a similar vote, admitted to me last week that he wanted a "Yes" in Scotland to prove that there could be a successful referendum for independence in part of a fellow EU country.

Catalonia's Foreign Secretary (a title that would raise many Spanish eyebrows), Roger Albinyana, told me that he was "not at all disappointed".

He is keen to point out that David Cameron allowed the Scottish vote. Mariano Rajoy will never give his approval to a vote here in Catalonia.

And for pro-independence Catalans Scotland was a "democratic success", a nation exercising "their right to vote".

However Catalans who passionately want Catalonia to remain part of Spain say the situation here is more complicated than, in the words of one activist, a "black-and-white, yes-no" decision.

西班牙

——湯姆•伯裏奇

加泰羅尼亞（Catalonia）恐怕是除英國外對此最有共鳴的地方了，現在仍然如此。

爲什麼呢？因爲加泰羅尼亞政府準備在11月9日進行一次蘇格蘭式獨立公投，儘管西班牙政府將此舉列爲“非法”。

在週五早上醒來之後，那些贊成獨立的加泰羅尼亞人至少在私下顯得十分失望。

加泰羅尼亞的主席希望他能得到他們在巴塞羅那（Barcelona）議會的許可，進行一次類似的公投，他上週對我說，他希望蘇格蘭能夠獨立，以此來證明在歐盟內能夠有一次成功的獨立公投。

加泰羅尼亞的外交部長（這個頭銜估計會讓很多西班牙人不高興）羅傑•艾爾賓亞納（Roger Albinyana）告訴我“對此結果，他根本不失望”。

他尖銳的指出，戴維•卡梅倫（David Cameron）允許蘇格蘭進行公投，但馬里亞諾•拉霍伊(Mariano Rajoy，西班牙首相)可絕對不會允許加泰羅尼亞進行公投。

對那些傾向獨立的加泰羅尼亞人來說，蘇格蘭公投是“民主勝利”，國家行使了“他們的投票權”。

但那些反對加泰羅尼亞獨立的民衆則認爲當地的形勢更加複雜，用一位激進分子的話來說就是“這不是黑與白，獨立不獨立”的問題。Canada

- Lee Carter

The victory for the "No" vote will please many of Canada's editorial writers, most of whom came down firmly on the side of Scotland staying with the union.

As the vote got closer, many other stories were gently shoved aside by major TV news networks, which had correspondents on the ground in Scotland providing minute-by-minute results. The interest was not surprising.

Nearly five million Canadians identify themselves as Scottish. And Scots have had a huge impact on Canadian culture and history.

Many of those who migrated to Nova Scotia (New Scotland) did so because they were forced off their land. Opinion in some of the communities there tilted towards the Yes campaign.

The Scottish debate seemed to have much more traction in the French-speaking province of Quebec. Referendums on separation from Canada were twice held there (1980 and 1995) and twice rejected, albeit by an extremely narrow margin in 1995.

A group of Quebec "sovereigntists" who'd made the trip to Scotland to watch and learn from the process said they were hugely impressed by the precision and clarity of the "Yes" campaign.

But the group's leader, Alexandre Cloutier, admitted that the next referendum in Quebec could be a long way off. In April, the pro-independence Parti Quebecois was swept from power in the province by the federalist Liberals. And support for separation in the province wavers at around 40%.

Group members insist that despite the result, there are still many aspects of the Scottish vote that could inspire a new generation of Quebec separatists.

But weighing into the debate, Quebec's Premier Philippe Couillard said that while Scotland's referendum was an example of the same kind of healthy tension that exists in Quebec, all comparisons after that were "risky".
加拿大

——李•卡特（Lee Carter）

蘇格蘭未能獨立成功的結果會讓很多加拿大的編輯感到開心，他們中的絕大多數人都堅定地支持蘇格蘭留在聯合王國。

隨着投票日期的臨近，各大電視網絡媒體紛紛取消了其他無關節目，安排記者在蘇格蘭現場進行實時現場報道。有這麼大的關注度並不讓人驚訝。

有近500萬的加拿大人認爲自己是蘇格蘭人的後裔。蘇格蘭對加拿大的歷史與文化也產生了巨大的影響。

許多移居到新斯科舍省（Nova Scotia，新蘇格蘭）都這麼認爲，因爲他們被迫離開了他們的土地，當地的一些社區傾向於贊成獨立。

加拿大魁北克省進行過分別於1980年及1995年進行過兩次獨立公投。

蘇格蘭公投的話題似乎在法語區魁北克省吸引力。這裏曾舉行過兩次獨立公（1985和1995年），但兩次都未能成功，儘管1995年的那次是以極其微弱的劣勢失敗。

前往蘇格蘭對公投進行觀摩學習的魁北克某“主權主義分子”組織稱，他們對蘇格蘭獨立派的嚴謹和透明印象深刻。

但該組織的領袖亞歷山大•克勞迪奇（Alexandre Cloutier）承認，魁北克距離下一次公投還有一段距離。在2014年4月，支持獨立的魁北克人黨（Parti Quebecois）在省議會選舉中慘敗給支持聯邦政府的自由黨人。目前，該省的獨立支持率在40%左右。

該組織的人認爲，儘管蘇格蘭沒有獨立，但蘇格蘭獨立運動的許多方面將鼓舞新一代“魁獨”人。

談及這次爭論的獨立運動的影響，魁北克總理菲利普•庫亞爾（Philippe Couillard）表示，蘇格蘭爲具有同樣問題的魁北克局勢的健康發展樹立了榜樣，兩者之間的所有比較都是“危險的”。India

- Andrew North

Demands for a referendum persist in Kashmir, but the chances of it happening are remote

India's foreign minister didn't know Scotland was considering divorce, until an aide whispered in her ear. A more pressing concern for some Indians was what it meant for the price of Scotch.

There's also been some schadenfreudein the air, watching their former colonial master prepare to "partition" itself.

For many, the idea that the UK was about to give away some of its territory voluntarily - and because the British prime minister himself had allowed a vote - was hard to comprehend.

And if the Scots had voted "Yes", it would have set an uncomfortable precedent in Kashmir. India has never carried out its 1948 promise to hold a referendum there, and Kashmiris were quick to make the comparison with the Scots getting a vote.

So it's not surprising Foreign Minister Sushma Swaraj's initial reaction to the idea the UK could break up was "God forbid". It would have just made things too complicated.
印度

——安德魯·諾斯（Andrew North）

克什米爾(Kashmir)一直在尋求獨立，但它獨立的機會十分渺茫。

直到助手在耳邊低聲告知，印度外長才瞭解到蘇格蘭打算進行獨立公投。而一些印度的民衆更關心此事對蘇格蘭威士忌的價格所產生的影響。

對於自己的前殖民主要“分裂”，一些印度民衆對此有些幸災樂禍。

而對許多人來說，英國志願放棄自己的領土以及英國首相允許進行獨立公投令人難以理解。

如果蘇格蘭成功獨立，這無疑會讓克什米爾人如鯁在喉。印度從未踐行其在1948年對克什米爾的承諾——允許克什米爾進行獨立公投。克什米爾人很快將把自已與獲得選票的蘇格蘭人進行對比。

所以這也不奇怪爲什麼當印度外長蘇什馬•斯瓦拉傑(Sushma Swaraj)聽到英國可能會分裂說法時，會認爲這是“上帝不允許的”。Germany

- Jenny Hill

"Scotland stays British!" proclaims Germany's most popular newspaper. For Bild, like every other paper and TV news programme here, there is only one top story this morning - and on the whole only one response.

"I'm hugely relieved," said one politician. "It prevents further fragmentation of Europe."

The government agrees - though the official line is less exuberant.

"We have always respected the fact that this referendum was called and that the central government in London agreed to this. And now we respect the outcome of it as well," said Angela Merkel.

Is she pleased with the result? The German chancellor was coy. "I will not comment on this but just smile."

British Prime Minister David Cameron (R) and German Chancellor Angela Merkel meet during the Nato summit in Newport, South Wales, on 4 September 2014.

German politicians fear a UK referendum on EU membership without Scottish voters could make its exit more likely

Why? Politicians are looking ahead to a possible UK referendum on EU membership. Without Scottish voters, they think Britain's exit from the EU would have been far more likely.

But there are other considerations too. In a leader that ran two days ago, the broadsheet Sueddeutsche Zeitung expressed concern about the economic viability of independence.

On Friday morning the language was somewhat bolder. According to the Frankfurter Allgemeine the nationalists were "promising the moon".

Among ordinary Germans, I've yet to find someone who supported independence.

Take Edgar. Every day he stands on the bank of the river Spree, leans on his stick and shepherds tourists on to his sightseeing boat. "Better together," he told me. "Of course they're better together."
德國

——珍妮•希爾(Jenny Hill)

德國最受歡迎的報紙《圖片報》（Bild）宣佈了“蘇格蘭留在英國”的消息，與德國國內其他的報紙與電視節目一樣，該報紙在頭條位置對這一事件進行了報道。

“我深深舒了一口氣，”一位政客說道。“這防止了歐洲的進一步分裂。”

政府也持這種看法——雖然官方的立場並沒有表現如此歡欣鼓舞。

“我們尊重進行公投的要求，讚賞英國中央政府同意進行公投的態度，我們也尊重最終的結果。”安吉拉•默克爾（Angela Merkel德國總理）說道。

問及她是否對這個結果感到高興？德國總理的言辭含糊。“我不會對此做出評論，但我會面帶微笑。”

德國的政客害怕沒有蘇格蘭人的投票，英國很可能會通過公投退出歐盟。

爲什麼？政客們預計英國很可能會對是否留在歐盟進行公投。如果沒有蘇格蘭人的投票，他們認爲英國很可能將退出歐盟。

他們也有有其他方面的考慮，一位領導人在兩天前的南德意志報（Sueddeutsche Zeitung）上發表文章稱他們關注經濟獨立的可行性。

在星期五早上，言語則變得更爲大膽。《法蘭克福大衆報》（Frankfurter Allgemeine）稱民族主義分子在作“空頭承諾”

在普通德國民衆中，我還未發現支持獨立的人。

泰德•埃德加（Take Edgar）每天都會拄着柺杖站在施普雷河(River Spree)邊，引導遊客們登上他的觀光船。“最好統一在一起，”他告訴我。“他們當然最後統一在一起。”Italy

- David Willey

The final result of Scotland's independence referendum missed the early editions of Italy's morning papers, but Italian shares hit new two-year highs at the opening of Milan's stock exchange.

The "spread" between the price of Italian and German 10-year treasury euro bonds hit a three-year low - signifying increased confidence in Italy's financial credibility.

The leading daily Corriere Della Sera's headline ran: "UK remains united but will still change".

Former Prime Minister Enrico Letta tweeted(in Italian): "Scotland has decided. Good for us and for Europe. Now let's not ignore the intolerance and fears which encourage separatists."

"South Tirol is not Italy" - The Scottish referendum serves as an inspiration for German-speaking separatists in Italy's South Tyrol region.

Italy's Northern League separatist party, which dreams of setting up a republic called Padania in the Po River Valley, is currently in the doldrums after losing heavily at the last elections.

Meanwhile a nascent movement for the independence of Venice, in times past a powerful European nation-state, is not taken seriously in Rome.

Newspapers in the German-speaking South Tyrol, which passed to Italy after World War One, said that the Scottish referendum had been an "incredible success" simply because it had been allowed to be held.

Listeners calling in to a leading radio talk show complained that in contrast to what happens in the UK, Italian politicians seem unable to carry out long-desired constitutional changes and electoral reforms.
意大利

——大衛•維利（David Willey）

蘇格蘭獨立公投的結果錯過了意大利報紙早間版的印刷時間，但米蘭證券交易所開盤時，意大利股票價格創造了兩年來的新高。

意大利與德國間爲期10年的財政部債券的價格降到了3年來的新低，這表明民衆對意大利金融業信用越來越有信心。

意大利發行量最大的《意大利晚郵報》（Corriere Della Sera）的標題爲“英國雖然統一，但仍會發生變化”

意大利前總理恩里科•萊塔（Enrico Letta）在推特上表示：“蘇格蘭已經決定了自己的命運，這對我們和歐盟來說都是好消息。讓我們無視一些人的偏狹與擔憂，否則這會增漲分裂分子的信心。”

“南蒂羅爾州（South Tirol）不屬於意大利”——蘇格蘭獨立公投曾經引發了意大利南蒂羅爾德語區民衆的獨立情緒。

意大利北方聯盟的分離主義政黨想要在蒲河流域（Po River Valley）建立一個叫做帕達尼亞（Padania）的國家，然而該政黨在近期的選舉中遭遇慘敗，整個黨處在低迷期。

與此同時，爲歐洲曾經盛極一時的城邦威尼斯（Venice）進行的獨立運動正處在萌芽階段，但意大利中央政府並未對其重視。

南蒂羅爾德語區在一戰後被意大利納入勢力範圍，該地區發行的報紙稱蘇格蘭的公投本身就已經是一種“難以置信的成功”，因爲英國政府允許其進行公投。

有民衆打電話到當地一檔熱門廣播脫口秀抱怨稱，與在英國發生的一切相比，意大利的政客似乎沒有能力進行渴望已久的憲法修改與選舉改革。Romania

- Nick Thorpe

Ethnic Hungarians in Romania's Transylvania region have welcomed the Scottish referendum result.

"This will help our striving for autonomy," said the president of the Szekler National Council, which is campaigning for an autonomous Szeklerland - a region in eastern Transylvania comprising largely Hungarian-speaking territory with roots going back to the Middle Ages.

Szekler National Council is campaigning for an autonomous region in eastern Transylvania

"The world has changed. The Scottish government and parliament will certainly have more autonomy in the future. Romania should learn from this to engage in debate with us, as we are asking for much less than the Scots," Balazs Izsak added.

Approximately 800,000 Hungarians live in the two counties of Hargita and Covasna and a part of Mures county. Until the Treaty of Trianon in 1920, the whole of Transylvania was under Hungarian jurisdiction.

But Hungarians in Romania today are divided over the autonomy efforts, and Romanians on the whole reject any debate about the possibility.

The Democratic Union of Hungarians (UDMR), who form part of the current Romanian government, this week published their own plans for Szekler autonomy, based on the model of Italy's South Tyrol province.

Hungarians hold Hungarian and Transylvanian flags as they take part in a demonstration for the autonomy of Transylvanian territory from Romania in Budapest, Hungary on 27 October 2013.

Leader Hunor Kelemen stressed the difference between the plan and Scotland's referendum.

The number of Hungarians living in Transylvania is falling by about 20,000 each year, and champions of autonomy argue that this is the best way to preserve the Hungarian community.

Ethnic Hungarians also fear a new regionalisation plan for Romania, which would administratively divide their region further.
羅馬尼亞

——尼克•索普（Nick Thorpe）

在羅馬尼亞特蘭西瓦尼亞（Transylvania）地區的匈牙利族人對蘇格蘭公投的結果表示歡迎。

“這有助於我們實現自治，”塞克勒人（Szekler）全國委員會的主席說道，該委員會正在尋求在東特蘭西瓦尼亞地區實行自治。該地區主要由說匈牙利語的人組成，他們的起源可以追溯至中世紀時期。

塞克勒人全國委員會正在尋求在東特蘭西瓦尼亞地區實行自治。

“這個世界已經改變。蘇格蘭政府與議會在未來肯定會活動更多的自治權。羅馬尼亞必須從中學習，與我們進行討論，我們所要求的要比蘇格蘭來的少得多。”巴拉日•以薩克（Balazs Izsak）補充道。

約80萬的匈牙利人生活在哈爾吉塔縣（Hargita）、科瓦斯納縣（Covasna）以及穆列什縣（Mures）的部分地區。在1920年特里亞農條約（Treaty of Trianon）之前，整個特蘭西瓦尼亞地區都在匈牙利的管轄之下。

如今生活在羅馬尼亞的匈牙利對是否爭取自治仍存在分歧，而羅馬尼亞人拒絕就此事的可能性進行討論。

在該屆政府中佔據部分席位的匈牙利人民主聯盟（The Democratic Union of Hungarians）在本週出臺了他們對塞克勒自治州的計劃。該計劃以意大利南蒂羅爾省爲模板。

領導人胡諾爾•凱萊門（Hunor Kelemen）強調該計劃與蘇格蘭公投之間的不同之處。

生活在特蘭西瓦尼亞地區的匈牙利人數量正以每年兩萬人的速度遞減，擁護自治的匈牙利人表示這是保留匈牙利社區最好的辦法。

匈牙利人同樣擔心羅馬尼亞新的區域化方案，這會在行政上把他們的地區進行進一步的劃分。Analysis

- Bridget Kendall, BBC diplomatic correspondent

The news that Scotland is not going to leave the UK will mean many governments are heaving a sigh of relief.

Some feared that Scottish independence might encourage other separatist movements. Others worried that it would turn the rest of the UK into a weaker and distracted partner.

But has Britain's global standing been affected nonetheless?

There is an argument that the UK, along with the rest of the West, is already in decline - its clout eroded by the rise of emerging giants like China, India, Russia and Brazil.

And the very fact of this referendum shows its power and prestige is on the wane, and its reliability as a partner has been undermined.

There is a worry too that new devolved powers promised to Scotland, and further constitutional change being called for elsewhere in the UK, may mean that the government in London will be too distracted to pull its weight on foreign affairs.
分析

——BBC外交記者布里奇特-肯德爾(Bridget Kendall)

蘇格蘭沒有獨立讓很多國家鬆了一口氣。

一些國家擔心蘇格蘭的獨立可能會鼓舞本國的獨立運動。其他的則擔心他們與英國的合作，因爲獨立無疑會削弱英國的國力，並使英國分心。

儘管結果已經揭曉，但英國的國際地位仍受到影響？

現在有一種論調認爲英國與西方的其它國家正處在衰退之中，他們的影響力正被崛起的大國像中國、印度、俄羅斯已經巴西所侵蝕。

獨立公投的事實也表明了其國力及威望正在減弱，作爲一位可靠的合作伙伴可能性也被削弱。

現在也有一種擔憂，認爲給予蘇格蘭新承諾的權利，以及英國其他地區要求進一步修改憲法呼聲可能會讓英國政府心力交瘁，不得不減少其在外交事務上的投入。

- Jon Donnison

A substantial proportion of the Australian population has Scottish heritage. As in Scotland, the issue of independence has divided that community.

The "No" victory will be welcomed by Australia's conservative Prime Minister Tony Abbott, a staunch unionist and royalist who was born in London to English parents.

The result has seen the pound strengthen against the Australian dollar as well as a host of other currencies.

The referendum has received widespread coverage here.

There is no real equivalent independence movement here although some in the mineral rich state of Western Australia have argued they should one day break away from Australia as a whole. But such a split is unlikely.
澳大利亞

——喬恩•唐尼森（Jon Donnison）

很多澳大利亞人都擁有蘇格蘭血統，就像在蘇格蘭一樣，人們對該問題有着不同的看法。

澳大利亞保守黨總理託尼•阿博特（Tony Abbott）對蘇格蘭留在英國的結果表示歡迎，出生在倫敦的他是堅定的聯合主義者與保皇派。

這一結果將使英鎊對澳元及其他貨幣匯率更加堅挺。

獨立公投在這裏受到廣泛的報道。

在這裏沒有類似的獨立運動，雖然西澳大利亞一些礦產資源豐富的地區聲稱他們有一天要脫離澳大利亞，但這個事情發生的可能性微乎其微。