中國首富村華西村打造者辭世

Wu Renbao took a vague concept─'capitalism with Chinese characteristics'─as the blueprint to turn a farm community into what is now known in China as the country's richest village.

吳仁寶以“有中國特色的資本主義”這一模糊的概念爲藍圖，把一個農業社區變成了如今中國公認的首富村。

Mr. Wu, who died of lung cancer at age 84 on Monday, responded to China's market overhauls in the early 1980s with a politically savvy strategy to charge up the economy of Huaxi, the village in eastern Jiangsu province that he headed as Communist Party secretary. While Mr. Wu kept his party bosses happy by swearing allegiance to socialism, he turned rice and pig farmers into millionaires.

週一，吳仁寶因肺癌去世，終年84歲。上世紀80年代初，江蘇省東部華西村的原黨委書記吳仁寶以一種具有政治智慧的方式迴應了中國的市場改革，進而促成了華西村的經濟騰飛。吳仁寶通過發誓忠誠於社會主義讓他的上級滿意，與此同時，他把種水稻和養豬的農民變成了百萬富翁。

For Chinese leaders unsure of how to embrace market economics without abandoning the Communist party, the village 85 miles northwest of Shanghai illustrated a working model. His approach mirrored that of Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping, who sparked China's post-Mao Zedong economic boom with imprecise concepts such as his famous 'capitalism with Chinese characteristics.'

對於那些不確定如何在堅持共產黨領導的前提下擁抱市場經濟的中國領導人來說，位於上海西北部85英里（合137公里）的華西村代表了一種可行的模式。吳仁寶的方法與中國領導人鄧小平的方法相同。鄧小平曾經以一些模糊的概念，比如“有中國特色的社會主義”，開啓了後毛澤東時代中國的經濟繁榮。

Both were pragmatic men, short in stature, who were criticized during Mao's time, and neither felt nostalgia for his era. 'I raised cattle and fed pigs during the day and took care of the disabled son of my landlord in the morning and night. All this hard work earned me 20 kilos of rice a year,' Mr. Wu told a Chinese magazine two years ago.

兩個人都是實幹家，個子都不高，都在毛澤東時代受到過迫害，兩人都沒有對毛澤東時代有過懷舊情緒。吳仁寶兩年前在接受一家中國雜誌採訪時說：我白天放牛餵豬，早晚照顧地主家癱瘓在牀的兒子。一年下來可以賺到40斤米。

Mr. Wu pivoted Huaxi's economy from farming toward manufacturing and trade, with ventures in steelmaking, then liquor, banking and tourism. For political cover, he took a page from Mao and labeled the assets and income as collective property of the villagers.

吳仁寶將華西村的經濟從農業轉變爲製造業和商業，建起冶金廠，並隨後發展了釀酒、銀行和旅遊業。作爲一種政治說法，他按照毛澤東的方式，把這些資產和收入貼上了村民集體財富的標籤。

Today, Huaxi's around 1,600 original residents jointly claim title to the fruits of its three decades of economic growth, including last year's 58 billion yuan ($9.6 billion) in local gross domestic product, according to town officials.

如今，華西村的大約1,600名原有村民是30年經濟發展成果的共同所有者。村裏的官員說，去年華西村的GDP達到人民幣580億元（合96億美元）。

'Socialism means 98 out of 100 people are happy,' Mr. Wu told Chinese media in 2006. 'You can't do much about the other two.'

吳仁寶2006年對中國媒體說：100個人裏面有98個人幸福，就是社會主義。剩下的那兩個人是自己不要幸福，沒辦法。

Chih-Jou Jay Chen, a researcher at Taiwan's Academia Sinica, said senior Chinese leaders in the 1990s also saw Mr. Wu's careful approach as a potential alternative should market economics fail. 'They wanted to have some socialist models or some communist models to be safe,' said Mr. Chen.

臺灣中央研究院(Academia Sinica)的研究員陳志柔(Chih-Jou Jay Chen)說，上世紀90年代的中國高層領導人也將吳仁寶謹慎的做法視爲市場經濟失敗後可能的替代品。陳志柔說，處於安全考量，他們想要有一些社會主義模式或共產主義模式。

Huaxi holds special status in a nation aspiring to wealth. Most households boast high per capita income and a car to drive. In 2011, the town's 50th anniversary gift to itself was a pure-gold ox that media said weighed a ton. It is displayed on the 60th floor of a five-star hotel nicknamed the Farmer's Apartments that is topped with a golf-ball-shaped room. It is a highlight of the town's free helicopter tours.

在渴望致富的中國，華西村有其特殊地位。該村的大多數家庭人均收入都很高，而且都有車開。2011年華西村建村50週年，該村送給自己的禮物是一頭金牛。媒體報道說造這頭牛耗費了一噸黃金。金牛放在該村一座五星級酒店的60層。酒店又被稱作“農民公寓”，最高層是個像高爾夫球式的房間。這個酒店是華西村免費直升機觀光的重要景點之一。

'I was shocked, and everyone in the village is saddened by the news of his death,' said Wang Lijuan, a manager at the Huaxi Tourism Agency. 'Mr. Wu is widely respected by us.' Mr. Wu's death also got attention in national media on Tuesday, as broadcasters used the village's transformation as a reminder of strides China has made.

華西旅行社(Huaxi Tourism Agency)經理王麗娟（音）說：聽到他去世的消息我很震驚，村裏所有人都感到難過，吳仁寶受到我們大家的普遍尊敬。吳仁寶的去世週二還引起了中國國家媒體的關注，電視臺以華西村的巨大轉變提醒人們記住中國取得的進步。

There are limits to the generosity of Huaxi's community capitalism. The collective that stakes claim to Huaxi's assets is a tiny subset of the 35,000 people who live there, consisting of residents who hold an official government identity card from the original village. Ms. Wang said her salary isn't supplemented with dividends enjoyed by the original residents.

華西村社區資本主義的慷慨也是有限的。聲稱擁有華西村資產的這個集體指的是生活在那裏的3.5萬人中的很小一部分，由那些持有原有村官方身份證的居民組成。王麗娟說，她除工資外沒有紅利，而華西村的原有村民就有。

Mr. Wu had a knack for selling hard-nosed business decisions as generosity. Rather than sacrifice economic growth by permitting local workers vacation time, he decided in the 1990s to bring the world to Huaxi in the form of knockoffs of the White House, Paris's Arc de Triomphe and the Great Wall.

吳仁寶有能力以一種慷慨的方式來推銷他的精明商業決策。由於考慮到讓村民外出度假可能會影響華西村的經濟增長，上世紀90年代他決定複製美國白宮、巴黎凱旋門和北京長城等建築，從而讓村民見識到外面的世界。

He combined strict political control with get-rich-quick economics, according to Wenxian Zhang, a professor at Rollins College in Winter Park, Fla., 'which is probably better described as the 'socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics.'' Other analysts deride Huaxi's patriarchal, migrant-dependent system as feudalism.

美國佛羅里達州溫特帕克的羅林斯學院(Rollins College)教授張文獻表示，吳仁寶將嚴格的政治管控和快速致富的經濟學結合在一起，也許將其稱作帶有中國特色的社會主義市場經濟更爲貼切。也有分析人士嘲諷華西村這種家長式作風、依賴農民工的制度，說這是封建主義。

Though Mr. Wu remained active in party affairs, he retired as the village's party chief in 2003 and relinquished his key positions to a son, Wu Xie'en. Shares representing village assets known as Jiangsu Huaxicun Co. +0.26% edged up 0.3% on Tuesday on the stock exchange in the city of Shenzhen.

雖然吳仁寶當時在處理黨內事務方面很活躍，但2003年他卸去了華西村黨委書記一職，將自己擔任的一些關鍵職位交給了兒子吳協恩。代表該村資產的江蘇華西村股份有限公司(Jiangsu Huaxicun Co.)的股票週二在深圳交易所略微上漲了0.3%。

His funeral is scheduled for the auspicious time of 8:08 a.m. on Friday, said a spokesman for the town Tuesday.

華西村發言人週二說，吳仁寶的葬禮安排在週五上午8點零8分的吉時舉行。

One of his rules to sustain Huaxi's riches: Anyone who leaves town loses all title to the money.

吳仁寶維持華西村財富的規定之一是：任何人只要離開該村，就會失去所有財產。