中國倡導“無豬村”治理鄉村污染

For centuries farmers in southern China’s Xingang village have raised pigs, helping feed their country’s appetite for almost half the world’s pork.

中國南方新崗村的農民許多世紀以來都在養豬，幫助滿足中國人對全世界近一半豬肉的需求。

But in recent years a nationwide drive to reduce water pollution and to steady pork prices has led to the mass closure of pig farms. Swaths of the country, where swineherding is so integral to rural culture that a pig with a roof over its head forms the Chinese character for “home”, have been transformed.

但近年來，一場旨在減少水污染、穩定豬肉價格的全國性整治行動導致豬場大規模關閉。養豬是中國農村文化的基本組成部分，從字面來看，漢字“家”就是“屋頂”下有“豬”。如今，中國的許多地區都已經發生了變化。

Banners in the village square now proudly proclaim Xingang free of pigs. “The entire township is pigless,” says He Lianhong, 42, who lost most of a Rmb200,000 ($30,000) investment when his farm of 200 hogs, Xingang’s largest, was bulldozed last year.

村廣場上懸掛的橫幅自豪地宣佈，新崗村已經是一個“無豬村”了。“整個鎮都沒有豬了，”42歲的何連宏（音）說。他原來的豬場養了200頭生豬，是村裏最大的豬場，去年被強制拆除了，20萬元人民幣（合3萬美元）的投資損失了大部分。

Two years ago about half the world’s 800m pigs lived in China — mostly in rural facilities with fewer than 500 hogs. Now, partly as a result of demolitions, the number is 350m, a reduction authorities hope will curb pollution.

兩年前，全世界養殖的8億頭生豬中，中國佔了一半左右——其中大多是在規模少於500頭生豬的農村養殖場中。在拆除豬場行動的影響下，中國生豬養殖數現在是3.5億。當局希望，減少養殖將有助於遏制污染。

Livestock-farming-ban zones covering 636,000 square km – about twice the size of Poland -- have been designated nationwide since 2014, and authorities have shuttered hundreds of thousands of pig and poultry farms – more than 200,000 in the first half of this year, according to officials.

自2014年以來，中國在全國範圍內劃定了63.6萬平方公里的畜禽養殖禁區，這相當於波蘭面積的兩倍。當局陸續關閉了數十萬個養豬場和禽類養殖場。據官員介紹，僅今年上半年就關閉了逾20萬個養殖場。

For years, untreated effluent has sullied rivers, compounded in recent years by outbreaks of disease that have left dead pigs dumped in waterways or buried in mass graves. “Just a couple of years ago there were terrible smells everywhere and nearby water was black, dead pigs were piled on the roads?.?.?.?it was really terrible,” says Mr He.

多年來，未經處理的污水污染了河流，近年來的數次疫病爆發使死豬被丟棄在河道中或被集中填埋，導致問題進一步複雜化。“就在幾年前，到處都是惡臭的味道，附近的水都是黑的，死豬被堆在路邊……那真的很可怕，”何連宏說。

Demolitions of many of the smallholdings that dominate the market have already had an impact on pork prices, which, because of the vast quantities of the meat consumed in China, play an outsized role in the country’s inflation figures.

佔市場主導地位的許多小型豬場被拆除，已經對豬肉價格產生了影響。由於中國的豬肉消費量極大，豬肉價格在中國的通脹數據中佔據極其重要的地位。

Pigsty demolitions drove prices to historic highs of more than Rmb30 ($4.50) per kilogramme last year, says Feng Yonghui, an analyst at consultancy .

搜豬網()分析師馮永輝表示，拆除豬場導致去年豬肉價格上漲至每公斤逾30元（合4.50美元）的歷史高位。

Meanwhile, large agribusinesses have ramped up production, slaughtering 15m more animals than the previous year. Listed companies invested Rmb41bn in new pig projects last year, mostly in China’s north-east.

同時，大型農業企業擴大了生產，屠宰量比上一年增加1500萬頭（只）。去年，上市公司在豬相關的新項目上投資了410億元人民幣，其中大多數在中國東北。

Nationwide pork consumption peaked in 2014 when 42m tonnes were consumed, a figure that has fallen closer to 41m as Chinese eating habits shift to more beef and chicken, according to consultancy Euromonitor. But pork spending continues to rise, reaching $850bn last year, as consumers choose higher-quality cuts.

根據歐睿諮詢(Euromonitor)的數據，中國的豬肉消費總量在2014年達到頂峯，全年消費豬肉4200萬噸，隨着中國人的飲食習慣轉向更多的牛肉與雞肉，豬肉消費量已降至4100萬噸左右。但由於消費者更多地選擇優質豬肉，居民在豬肉上的開支仍在上升，去年達到了8500億美元。

Many villagers complain about the “pork cycle” — of production cuts that lead to price increases that in turn give farmers the incentive to ramp up production

許多村民都在抱怨“豬週期”——養殖減少導致豬肉價格上漲，反過來又給農民增加養殖的動力。

The booms and busts can destroy farmers’ livelihoods.

這種盛衰交替的週期性波動可能會毀掉農民的生計。

“Some have made fortunes from pig-farming and others have been ruined because prices are not stable,” says Li Fuying, a restaurant owner in Xingang.

“有的人靠養豬發了財，還有人因爲價格不穩定而傾家蕩產，”新崗一家飯館的老闆李福盈（音）說。

Some analysts say that a new “strategic pork reserve” from which stocks are injected into the market when prices rise, together with the launch of a pork futures market and increased pork imports, have helped tame the cycle.

一些分析人士表示，新建立的“戰略性豬肉儲備”——當價格上漲時，投放儲備豬肉到市場上——以及推出豬肉期貨市場和擴大豬肉進口，都有助於平抑週期。

“There is still a pig cycle but it is becoming longer and longer. The main reason is the scaling-up of production,” says Mr Feng.

“豬週期依然存在，但這個週期正變得越來越長。主要原因在於生產規模擴大了，”馮永輝說。

That is of little consolation to farmers in the area surrounding Xingang, where villagers showed the Financial Times videos of forcible demolitions of pigsties with the animals still inside. “If you resist, they will send dozens of men, so it’s no use,” says one farmer who asks not to be named.

這對新崗村周邊地區的農民沒什麼用，當地村民向英國《金融時報》(Financial Times)展示了強行拆除尚在養豬的豬圈的視頻。一位要求匿名的農民說：“如果你反抗，他們會派來幾十個人，所以沒用。”

“I have nothing to do all day except feed the ducks. I’m angry but there’s nothing I can do,” says Lai Rongjiao, whose pig-sheds were demolished last year. “It’s the first year for two decades I haven’t raised a single pig,” she adds.

“我整天除了餵鴨子沒事幹。我生氣，但也沒辦法，”賴蓉嬌（音）說，她的豬棚去年被拆除了。“今年是20年來頭一回，我一頭豬都沒養，”她補充道。

What was once the pig-farm of Nie Zhenyong, a 42 -year-old local, has now been concreted over to serve as a practice area for learner-drivers. He has found few customers. “We were encouraged to raise pigs and received subsidies, so we raised a lot, and then it was all demolished,” Mr Nie says mournfully. “Our family of six, including the elderly, all have no source of income.”

聶振勇（音）是當地一位42歲的農民，他的養豬場現已被澆上混凝土，成了一個練車場。顧客很少。“以前政府鼓勵我們養豬，還給我們補助，於是我們養了很多，而現在全拆了，” 聶振勇悲傷地說。“我家有六口人，還有老人，現在都斷了收入來源。”

Others risk fines to maintain their traditional livelihood. “The Communist party doesn’t let us raise pigs. But I still have a few hogs in secret,” says Han Chunhuo, who keeps a clandestine sty near his house. “I’m nearly 50 and there’s no other job I can do”.

有些人冒着被罰款的風險維持着傳統生計。“當局不許我們養豬，但我還是偷偷養了幾頭，”一位村民說，他在自己家附近祕密地保留着一個豬圈。“我快50歲了，幹不了別的。”