健康生活:多食紅肉易患糖尿病
People who increased their consumption of red meat during a four-year period were more likely to develop Type 2 diabetes in a subsequent four-year period, according to an analysis involving about 150,000 people.
據一項涉及約15萬人的分析顯示，四年時間內增加紅肉攝入量的人在隨後四年內更有可能罹患II型糖尿病。The analysis, led by researchers at the National University of Singapore, took data from three long-running Harvard University studies involving mostly nurses and doctors. The results were published online Monday in JAMA Internal Medicine, a journal of the American Medical Association. The studies were funded by grants from the National Institutes of Health.
該分析由新加坡國立大學(National University of Singapore)的研究員帶頭進行，從哈佛大學(Harvard University)三項主要涉及護士和醫生的長期研究中獲取數據。研究結果於6月17日發表在美國醫學會(American Medical Association)旗下的《美國醫學會雜誌•內科學》(JAMA Internal Medicine) 網站上。這些研究由來自美國國立衛生研究院(National Institutes of Health)的津貼資助。While prior studies have also found a link between red-meat consumption and the development of Type 2 diabetes, the new analysis is believed to be the first time researchers have tracked changes in red-meat consumption over time with the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes. Study participants filled out detailed questionnaires about the types of food and drinks they consumed at the beginning of the study and every four years. The analysis looked at some 20 years of data.
雖然以往的研究也發現紅肉攝入與II型糖尿病存在聯繫，但這項新研究被認爲是研究員首次追蹤到長時間內紅肉攝入的變化與罹患II型糖尿病風險的關係。參與研究者在研究開始時詳細填寫了有關自己所攝入飲食類型的調查問卷，隨後每四年接受一次調查問卷。該分析研究了約20年的數據。
Broadly, the study showed that, compared with a group of people who had no change in red-meat intake, increasing red-meat consumption by more than a half-serving per day over a four-year period was associated with a 48% increase in the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes during the next four years.
總的來說，研究表明，四年內紅肉日攝入量每增加半份，隨後四年罹患II型糖尿病的風險就會比紅肉攝入量無變化的人 高出48%。However, reducing red-meat consumption by the same amount during the same time period didn't cut the risk of diabetes during the next four years. It did reduce the risk by 14% over a longer time period, though.
不過，同期內減少相同紅肉攝入量者隨後四年罹患II型糖尿病的風險並未下降，但更長時間內減少紅肉攝入量令患病風險減少了14%。The changes were independent of other factors such as body weight and overall diet quality.
這些變化排除了體重和整體飲食質量等其他因素的影響。'Our results confirm the robustness of the association between red meat and [Type 2 diabetes prevention] and add further evidence that limiting red-meat consumption over time confers benefits for…prevention,' the study authors wrote. An Pan, an assistant professor at the National University of Singapore's Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, was the study's lead author.
研究報告的作者寫道：“我們的研究結果證實了紅肉攝入與?II型糖尿病預防?之間的穩固聯繫，並進一步證明長期限制紅肉攝入有助於預防該疾病。”新加坡國立大學蘇瑞福公共衛生學院(Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health)助理教授An Pan是該項研究的首席作者。Other doctors say red meat in and of itself isn't necessarily the trouble.
有醫生表示紅肉本身並不一定是問題所在。'It is not the type of protein (or meat) that is the problem; it is the type of fat,' said William J. Evans, who is affiliated with both Duke University and GlaxoSmithKline PLC., and who wrote a commentary about the study that was also published online in JAMA Internal Medicine. 'It's mischaracterizing red meat as high fat,' Dr. Evans said in an interview.
隸屬杜克大學(Duke University)及GlaxoSmithKline PLC.醫藥公司的威廉•埃文斯(William J. Evans)針對這項研究撰寫了一份評論，也發表於《美國醫學會雜誌•內科學》網站上。他說：“問題並不在於蛋白質（或肉類）類型，而是脂肪類型。”埃文斯博士在採訪中說：“研究把紅肉曲解成了高脂肪。”He said consumers could choose lean cuts of red meat such as sirloin tips or round steak over high-fat cuts like rib-eye.
他說，消費者可以選擇比較瘦的紅肉，比如牛裏脊肉或腹腿牛排，而不要選擇肋眼牛排這樣的高脂肪部位。Dr. Pan could not be reached for comment Monday.
記者未能聯繫到An Pan博士對此置評。Similar to general dietary guidelines from the U.S. government, the American Diabetes Association recommends people with diabetes eat lots of vegetables and fruit and choose whole-grain foods including dried beans, as well as eating fish two or three times a week. Lean meats include cuts of beef or pork that end in 'loin,' such as pork loin and sirloin.
與美國政府的通用飲食指南相似，美國糖尿病協會(American Diabetes Association)建議糖尿病患者大量攝入蔬菜和水果，選擇包括乾製豆類在內的全穀類食品，每週食用兩次或三次魚類。瘦肉包括以“裏脊”結尾的牛肉或豬肉，比如豬裏脊肉和牛裏脊肉。Diabetes affects about 26 million Americans and is characterized by high blood-glucose levels caused by the body's inability to either make or properly use insulin. Type 2 diabetes, the most common form of the disease, is often associated with weight gain and older age. The disease raises the risk of heart attacks and strokes, kidney disease, blindness, amputations and nerve damage. The other type of diabetes, Type 1, is an autoimmune disease and often diagnosed in childhood.
美國約2,600萬人患糖尿病，主要表現爲身體無法產生或正常使用胰島素而造成的高血糖。II型糖尿病是最普遍的糖尿病類型，通常與體重增加和年齡增加有關。這種疾病會增加心臟病發作和中風、腎臟疾病、失明、截肢及神經損傷的風險。另一種是I型糖尿病，是一種自身免疫疾病，通常在孩童時期得到確診。The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has projected that as many as 1 in 3 U.S. adults could have diabetes by 2050. The disease is currently the seventh leading cause of death in the U.S.
美國疾病控制與預防中心(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention，簡稱CDC)預測到2050年，高達三分之一的成年美國人都會患糖尿病。目前糖尿病是美國人第七大死因。Doctors say that improving diet is important not only for managing diabetes, but for keeping the adult-onset Type 2 at bay for those with the highest risk. The CDC estimates that 35% of U.S. adults age 20 and older─nearly 80 million Americans, by the agency's estimate─are affected with prediabetes, a condition in which people have higher-than-normal blood-glucose levels. People with prediabetes also have a higher risk of developing problems like heart disease and stroke.
醫生們表示，改善飲食不僅對控制糖尿病至關重要，而且可以預防風險最高的成年人羣的患病。CDC估計35%的20歲及以上的美國人──據估計相當於近8,000萬人──處於糖尿病前期狀態，即血糖水平高於正常值。糖尿病前期病人出現心臟病和中風等問題的風險也較高。Researchers said one of the limitations of the study was that participants were mostly white, educated U.S. adults. Some groups have a higher risk than others for developing Type 2 diabetes, according to the diabetes association, including African-Americans and Hispanics.
研究人員說，該項研究的一個侷限是大多數參與研究者都是受過教育的美國白人。據美國糖尿病協會稱，有些人羣罹患II型糖尿病的風險比較高，包括非洲裔和西班牙裔美國人。The diabetes and red-meat analysis involved data from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study collected between 1986 and 2006, as well as information from two groups of women in the Nurses' Health studies collected during a similar time period
這項針對糖尿病和紅肉攝入的研究分析了來自從醫人員跟進研究(Health Professionals Follow-Up Study)1986年至2006年間的數據，以及護士健康研究項目(Nurses' Health Study)在同一個時期內收集於兩組女性參與者的信息。A Diabetes Primer for Carnivores
肉食者的糖尿病初級指南PREVALENCE
患病率347 million people world-wide have diabetes
全球共有3.47億糖尿病患者26 million in the U.S. have it (19 million diagnosed, 7 million undiagnosed)
美國共有2,600萬糖尿病患者（1,900萬確診，700萬未確診）8.3% of the U.S. population is affected
佔美國總人口8.3%27% of Americans with diabetes don't know they have it
27%的美國糖尿病患者不知道自己有糖尿病35% of the U.S. population age 20 years or older has prediabetes
35%的20歲及以上的美國人有糖尿病前期症狀RED MEAT CHOICES FOR DIABETICS
糖尿病患者如何選紅肉The American Diabetes Association recommends that meat eaters opt for Choice or Select grades of beef that are trimmed of fat. Cuts include chuck, rib, flank, Porterhouse, T-bone, rump roast, sirloin and tenderloin.
美國糖尿病協會建議肉食者選擇除掉脂肪的特選級(Choice)或可選級(Select)牛肉。部位包括肩胛肉、肋排、牛腹、腰脊、丁骨、後臀肉、外脊肉和裏脊肉。Other acceptable options: lamb chop, leg or roast, Canadian bacon, beef jerky, organ meats, game meat (including buffalo, duck, goose, venison), veal loin chop or roast.
其他可接受的選擇：羊排、烤羊腿、加拿大培根、牛肉乾、內臟、野味（包括水牛、鴨、鵝、鹿肉），小牛腰肉排或烤肉。
