英語口譯英語翻譯經驗

漢譯英的"八戒"

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一、戒“從一而終”

漢譯英的"八戒"

漢語言簡意賅,句子靈活,往往是一個漢語詞彙對應N個英語詞彙,具體到在本句中應該採用哪個意項,務必抓住精神實質,不可以不變應萬變。至於怎麼應變,這就是顯示譯者功力的地方了。比如:都是“問題”,下面的翻譯各不相同。

共同關心的問題questions of common interest
解決問題solve a problem
問題的關鍵the heart of the matter
關鍵問題a key problem
原則問題a question/matter of principle
沒有什麼問題without any mishap
摩托車有點問題Something is wrong with the motorcycle.
問題不在這裏That is not the point.
譯者要掌握這種漢英翻譯中的“游擊戰術”,翻譯家應是不同“文化王國”邊境線上的“游擊戰略家”。

沙博裏將《水滸傳》譯爲:Outlaws of the Marsh(沼澤地上的亡命之徒),楊憲益譯將屈原的《國殤》譯爲:For Those Fallen for Their Country,北外出版社將《儒林外史》譯爲:The Scholars。這些都是譯者吃透了原文的原意而譯出的佳作。

二、戒望文生義,機械直譯

這多半是初學者犯的毛病,他們易於被表面現象所迷惑。
黃牛(yellow cow——ox前誤後正,下同)
黃鸝(yellow bird ——oriole)
黃瓜( yellow melon——cucumber)
紫菜(purple vegetable ——laver)
紅木(red wood——padauk)
紅豆杉(red fir——Chinese yew)
黑社會(black society ——sinistergang)三、戒“水土不符”,習慣搭配失當

這的確是難度係數較大的問題,它要求譯者既有較高的中文修養,又要有較高的英文造詣,一知半解的人常常在此“翻車”。如:
寫罷,擲筆在桌上。又歌了一回,再飲數杯酒,不覺沉醉,力不勝酒,便呼酒保計算了,取些銀子算還,多的都賞了酒保。
And tossed the pen on the table. He intoned the verses to himself, then downed a few more cups of wine. He was very dunk. Song-Jiang asked for the bill, paid, and told the waiter to keep the change. (沙博裏譯《水滸傳·潯陽樓宋江吟反詩》)
目前,《水滸傳》最好的英譯本要數沙博裏先生的本子了。沙博裏出生在美國,青年時來到中國,一住就是半個多世紀。爲了譯好《水滸傳》,據說他潛心研究了山東的地方誌和舊時方言,可謂精誠所致,譯著既“達”又“雅”。然而歷史告訴我們,中國古人沒有用過鋼筆,宋朝時用的還是毛筆,故the pen 應改爲the writing-brush。

下面的譯文就較好地照顧到了西方人的思維和理解習慣:

美國把貿易和扯在一起,只會損害兩國的經濟利益。
The US policy of linking trade with human rights can only bring harm to the economic interests of the two countries.
關起門來搞建設是不成的,中國的發展離不開世界。
China can't develop in isolation from the rest of the world.

四、戒主語暗淡

主語是句子的靈魂,定住譯文的主語是關鍵的一步棋。主語定偏了,整個句子將顯得鬆散乏力,甚至會誤導讀者。例如:

如果這個問題不解決,勢必影響兩國的利益。
Failure to settle this issue is bound to impair the relations between the two countries seriously.
If the problem is not solved, it is sure to affect the interests between the two countries.

在上面的兩種譯文中,顯然第一種譯文主語選得好,句子流暢。又如:

夏威夷的沙灘上,椰影婆娑,海風習習,一妙齡女郎正躺在白色的塑料椅上養神。
On the Hawaiian sandy beach, the coconut palms are whirling, the congenialsea breeze is blowing, and a young lady is lying in the white plastic chair resting to restore energy.

因爲是輕鬆讀本,又是描述性的文字,使用三個主語the coconut palms、the congenial sea breeze、a young lady仍是可取的。

五、戒結構單調,組合生硬“拉郎配”

由於漢英結構不同,表達方式迥異,硬性翻譯不僅讀起來彆扭,而且會鬧出笑話。這就要求譯者在翻譯時靈活使用整合的技巧,將句子整合,凸顯漢語中所隱含的層次,補充所缺失的成分。有時要將簡單句譯成並列句,有時將並列句譯成主從句。

在紀念大學畢業20週年聚會時,我忽然問起原來的班主任:“我個子又不矮,怎麼把我安排在了第一排呢?”
At the reunion party for 20 anniversary of graduation from university, I suddenly asked my former teacher in charge of our class then:” Since I am not of short stature, how did you arrange me at the first row?”

一個高度近視的女博士去擦鞋店擦高統靴,禿頭老闆親自蹲下來給她效勞。
When a woman doctor who suffers a severe myopicwent to shoes-polishing shop for her buskins,the bald boss squatted down to serve her personally.六、戒“愚忠”,不諳增減之道

我們耳熟能詳的東西外國人可能會感到一頭霧水,譯者需要增加必要的說明和補充或者減譯。否則,外國人會不知所云。畢竟,漢譯英最終是給外國人看的。
例如:風水
fengshui——the location of a house or tomb, supposed to have an influence on the fortune of a family.

七、戒語句重複

漢語多重複,以強化語氣;英語則要儘量避免重複。

王曰:“此鳥不飛則已,一飛沖天;不鳴則已,一鳴驚人。”
“The bird may not have flown yet”, replied the King, “Once it does, it will soar to the sky. I may not have cried out yet, but once it does, it will startle everyone.”(楊憲益譯《史記-滑稽列傳》)

中國人也好,外國人也好,死人也好,活人也好,對的就是對的,不對的就是不對的。
What is right is right and what is wrong is wrong, no matter what it concerns, the Chinese or foreigners, the dead or the living.

八、戒另起爐竈,走失精氣神

譯文要力求其“信”,儘可能契合漢語原來句子的氣勢、情緒和結構。

例如,元朝人王實甫寫下了《西廂記》,張雪靜改編後並作了翻譯——

掏出張生那封信,回頭環視見梳妝檯上的梳妝盒,眼睛一轉,心裏說有了,將信放了進去,合上蓋時故意壓了一角露在外面。
Rose took out Zhang's letter, she thought, “It would be better to put it in her make-up case, and letter find it herself.” So she put the letter in the case, leaving a corner of it sticking out, so that it would be quickly noticed.

不難看出,譯文與原文相去甚遠,互不吻合,成了“兩張皮”。

你已經死在過深的怨憤裏了嗎?
死?不,不,我還活着——
請給我以火,給我以火!
Have you perished in this deep rancor and bitterness?
Death? No, no. I'm still alive.
Please give me a light, give me a light!

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