託福TPO19閱讀原文+題目+答案解析 Succession,Climax,andEcosystems
爲了幫助更多的 託福 考生們進行備考，特整理了關於託福TPO閱讀部分，託福TPO是托福考生的必備資料，涵蓋了歷年考試的大量題型，幫助考生們提升高效備考效率。 下面一起來看看託福TPO19閱讀原文+題目+答案解析-Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems。
託福TPO19閱讀原文+題目+答案解析-Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems
1.According to paragraph 2, which of the following is a criticism of Clements' view of succession?
A. The principles of succession are more lawlike than Clements thought they are.
B. More evidence is needed to establish Clements’ predictions about succession.
C. The details of succession are affected by random processes.
D. Many of the factors that determine which plants will grow in an environment, such as the nature of the soil and the exposure to sun, do not change at all.
正確答案：C
題目解析：
C 本段較短，可以快速掃完，也可以用人名和succession做關鍵詞定位至最後一句，說很多因素都可以影響succession，所以正確答案是C。D提到了many factors，但change是原文沒說的，錯;A的比較原文沒說，錯;B是最具有迷惑性的選項，因爲原文說沒有被證實，也就是已經建立了只是沒證實，但B說需要更多證據來建立Clemens的預測，也就是沒建立，而且預測也不對，所以A錯。
2.The word “substantiated” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. confirmed
B. noticed
C. defined
D. publicized
正確答案：A
題目解析：
A substantiate: 證實，確認。A是確證;B是發現;C是定義;D是宣傳。所以正確答案是A的confirm。
3.The word “trend” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. probability
B. picture
C. lawlike regularity
D. tendency
正確答案：D
題目解析：
D, trend: 趨勢。A是可能性;B是圖片，景色;C是想法律一樣的規則性;D是趨勢。所以D的tendency正確。
4.The word “likewise” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. sometimes
B. similarly
C. apparently
D. consequently
正確答案：B
題目解析：
B likewise: 同樣地，此外。A是有時候;相似的;明顯的;因此，結果。所以B的similarly是正確答案。
5.The word “legitimately” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. commonly
B. broadly
C. properly
D. officially
正確答案：C
題目解析：
C 這道題很多同學誤選D. 其實，C properly 更好。前句說一些學者接受Clements， 對於climax的concept, 但拒絕C對於climax作爲superorganism特徵的概括。然後做了一個對比區分。An ant colony may be legitimately called a superorganism…. But there is no evidence for such an interacting communicative network in a climax plant formation. 這個對比區分的是兩個範疇，動物的和植物的。如果把legitimately 理解爲officially, formally,應該只舉一個植物範疇的例子，構成“正式、官方、權威”和實際情況的轉折。現在是兩個範疇的對比，應該理解成： 一個領域“合理，有道理，正確”，另外一個領域“沒有證據，沒有道理”
6.According to paragraph 4, why do many authors prefer the term “association” to “community” when describing a climax plant formation?
A. Because the term “association” does not suggest the presence of a tight network involving interactive communication.
B. Because the term “association” indicates that the grouping is not necessarily beneficial to all members.
C. Because the term “community” indicates continuing dynamic development that a climax formation does not have.
D. Because the term “community” suggests an organization that has been designed for a specific purpose
正確答案：A
題目解析：
A 細節題題，先讀修辭點所在句子，in order to告訴你這句話中就含有目的了，將in order to後面的內容讀了就找到答案，原句說爲了強調這種互動的鬆散性，很多作者更願意使用association，原文都說了是爲了強調鬆散性，所以答案是A，不存在緊的network。B的beneficial to all members，C的dynamic development和D的specific purpose原文都沒說。
7.In paragraph 5, the author challenges the idea of a “biome” by noting that
A. there are usually no very strong connections among the plants and animals living in a place
B. plants and animals respond in the same way to the same circumstances
C. particular combinations of flora and fauna do not generally come about purely by chance
D. some animals are dependent on specific kinds of plants for food
正確答案：A
題目解析：
A 以biome做關鍵詞定位至第二句，由於這句只是給出了biome的概念，沒有challenge，所以往下看，下句說盡管有些動物與植物的關係是緊密的，但還是不能說biome，比如他們之間沒有internal cohesion，所以答案是A，動植物之間沒有緊密關係。B和C原文都沒講;D的food原文也沒說，而且D也不是challenge上文提到的概念的，所以不對。
8.Why does the author make the statement, “Indeed, there are vast areas of spruce forest without moose” ?
A. To highlight a fact whose significance the ecologist Herbert Gleason had missed
B. To propose the idea that a spruce forest is by itself a superorganism
C. To emphasize that moose are not limited to a single kind of environment
D. To criticize the idea of a spruce-moose biome
正確答案：D
題目解析：
D 修辭目的題，修辭點就是一個句子，所以看前一句，前句說spruce種羣不受moose是否存在的影響，依然還是一個例子，所以看中心句，注意這段文字的中心句不是第一句，而是上一題中提到的第二句，說spruce-moose biome是不對的，所以答案是D。
9.The word “initiated” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. approved
B. identified
C. started
D. foreseen
正確答案：C
題目解析：
C initiate: 開始，首創。A是同意;B是覈實;C是開始;D是預見。所以正確答案是C的started。
10.According to paragraph 5, Gleason’s opposition to the Clementsian views of plant ecology was based on the claim that plant species grow in places where
A. they can enter into mutually beneficial relationships with other species
B. conditions suit them, regardless of whether particular other species are present
C. habitats are available for a wide variety of plant and animal species
D. their requirements are met, and those of most other species are not
正確答案：B
題目解析：
B 以Christian和species做關鍵詞定位至最後兩句，倒數第二句說反對，最後一句說反對的原因，物種的分佈取決於環境，只是自身生態學的結果。也就是跟其他物種無關，所以答案是B。既然說跟其他物種無關，A和D就不對，C也說了大量物種，與原文不同。
11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Unlike the terms “climax”, “biome,” and “superorganism,” which refer to the particular association of plants and animals at a given location, the term “ecosystem” refers specifically to the physical factors within an environment.
B. The terms “climax,” “biome,” “superorganism,” and “ecosystem” all refer to the system of plants and animals in an associated environment, but some are more controversial than others.
C. When the older terms of ecology became too technical, they were replaced by the more popular and more widely used term “ecosystem.”
D. The term “ecosystem” gradually replaced discredited terms for the combination of a physical environment and the plants and animals living together in it.
正確答案：D
題目解析：
D原句當中的with結構是非主要成分，主要成分是：採用了ecosystem形容生物和環境的associated system，正確答案D。A的後半句錯，eco不是單隻physical factor，而是系統;B和C都錯在將原句的主幹和非主幹混合，不選。
12.According to paragraph 6, what did ecologists mainly study when the ecosystem concept was the dominant paradigm?
A. The physical factors present in different environments
B. The typical activities of animals and the effect of those activities on plants
C. The rates at which ecosystems changed from one kind to another
D. The flow of energy and matter through ecosystems
正確答案：D
題目解析：
D，以ecologist做關鍵詞定位至最後一句，說生態學家最關注的是特定生態系統裏物質與能量的傳遞及其速率，所以答案是D。A和B都沒說，C的rate原文有說，但原文說的是物質和能量傳遞的速率，不是答案說的ecosystem改變的速率，所以C錯。
13.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit ?
They may be more interested in researching, for example, the adaptations that some aquatic animals undergo to survive in dry desert environments..
正確答案：C
題目解析：
C 兩個過渡點，代詞they和名詞adaption，從名詞adaption可以得出B或者C正確;代詞they指的是倒數第二句中的younger ecologists，所以they應該放在名詞之後，所以B錯C對。
14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provied below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. The study of the combination of plant species that inhabit a particular locality became a scientific discipline toward the end of the nineteenth century.
A.Areas that are recovering from serious disturbances like volcanic eruptions and heavy floods provide special opportunities to observe the development of plant communities.
B.Whether a given species will be found in a given ecosystem strongly depends on what other species it would interact with in that ecosystem.
C.Computer-aided studies of entire system of associated organisms together with their environment provide a solid basis for current studies of specific ecological problems.
D.According to the earliest theories of ecology, the development of plant communities proceeds in lawlike fashion and results in stable climax communities.
E.The idea of associations of plants and animals that function as “superorganisms” was later rejected by biologists who saw no strong evidence in support of that idea.
F.The once popular idea of communities as integrated ecosystems has been largely rejected by modern ecologists, who are more interested in problems involving behavior and adaptations.
正確答案：DEF
題目解析：
D.E.F Areas選項MS是第一段中的一個細節，但提供研究機會原文完全沒講，不選。Whether選項與第五段的最後一句相反，不選.Computer選項與第七段第三句說反，而且即使說對也是個細節，不選.According選項對應原文第二和第三段的首句，正確.The idea選項對應原文第四段第二句，正確.The once選項對應原文第七段第一句，正確.
新託福閱讀背景知識：麥克米蘭計劃
The McMillan Plan
As the city approached its centennial; there was a call to develop a comprehensive park system for the city. As early as 1898, a committee was formed to meet with President William McKinley to propose the erection of a monument to commemorate the centennial of the city. A joint committee formed by Congress held its first meeting in February 1900 with Senator James McMillan of Michigan as chairman, and Charles Moore as secretary. At the same time, plans were put forward for the development of a Mall which would include the newly reclaimed Potomac Flats. As the bureaucracy planned for the centennial, the American Institute of Architects (AIA) joined the fray. AIA leaders envisioned the nation's capital as the perfect place for the group to express the ideals of the City Beautiful movement promoted by the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. The architect of this pivotal fair designed Beaux Arts Classical architecture in a grand and ordered civic space.
When the Senate Commission was formed in 1901 to explore and plan the design of the city, the project then encompassed the historic core. The illustrious committee was comprised of Daniel Burnham, a visionary of the World's Columbian Exposition, as well as landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., architect Charles F.McKim, and sculptor Augustus St. Gardens.
Foremost in the minds of these men was the amazing foresight and genius of Pierre L'Enfant. The committee lamented the fragmented Mall marred by a railroad station and focused upon restoring it to the uninterrupted greensward envisioned by L'Enfant. In total, the forward-looking plans made by the McMillan Commission called for: re-landscaping the ceremonial core, consisting of the Capitol Grounds and Mall, including new extensions west and south of the Washington Monument; consolidating city railways and alleviating at-grade crossings; clearing slums; designing a coordinated municipal office complex in the triangle formed by Pennsylvanian Avenue, 15th Street, and the Mall, and establishing a comprehensive recreation and park system that would preserve the ring of Civil War fortifications around the city.
To protect the new goals introduced by the McMillan study, the AIA appealed to President Theodore Roosevelt to form a fine arts commission. Established by Congress in 1910 during the Taft Administration, the Commission of Fine Arts (CFA) was created as a consulting organization to the government on the design of bridges, parks, paintings, and other artistic matters; an executive order later that year added the design review of all public buildings.
Influenced by the designs of several European cities and 18th century gardens such as France's Palace of Versailles, the plan of Washington, DC was symbolic and innovative for the new nation. Only limited changes were made to the historic city-bounded by Florida Avenue on the north and the waterways on the east, west and south-until after the Civil War. The foremost manipulation of L’Enfant plan began in the 19th century, and was codified in 1901 when the McMillan Commission directed urban improvements that resulted in the most elegant example of City Beautiful tenets in the nation. L’Enfant plan was magnified and expanded during the early decades of the 20th century with the reclamation of land for waterfront parks, parkways, an improved Mall and new monuments and vistas. Two hundred years since its design, the integrity of the plan of Washington is largely unimpaired-boasting a legal enforced height restriction, landscaped parks, wide avenues, and open space allowing intended vistas. Constant vigilance is needed by the agencies responsible for design review, it their charge to continue the vision of L'Enfant.
新託福閱讀背景知識：偉大的民主詩人怠特曼
偉大的民主詩人怠特曼
美國19世紀的民主精神在惠特曼的《草葉集》(1855)裏得到充分發揮。他以豐富、博大、包羅萬象的氣魄反映了廣大勞動羣衆在民主革命時期的樂觀向上精神。他歌頌勞動，歌頌大自然，歌頌物質文明，歌頌“個人”的理想形象;他的歌頌滲透着對人類的廣泛的愛。詩人以豪邁、粗獷的氣概蔑視蓄奴制和一切不符合自由民主理想的社會現象。他那種奔放的自由詩體，同他的思想內容一樣，也是文學史上的創新，產生了廣泛的影響。
新託福閱讀背景知識：鐘乳石的形成
關於鐘乳石的形成
石灰岩洞中的鐘乳石、石筍是怎樣形成的
桂林是世界聞名的風景區，山奇水秀，風景美麗，因此自古就有“桂林山水甲天下”之稱。桂林除山水美之外，還有更具特色的石灰岩洞，七星巖是比較有代表性的溶洞。洞內到處懸垂着美麗的鐘乳石，有的像累累的果實，有的像盛開的花朵。與之相對應的石筍拔地而起，一個個像春天從地面下“冒”出來的竹筍。
那麼這些奇麗的鐘乳石和石筍是怎樣形成的呢?
原來“盛產”鐘乳石和石筍的溶洞都是石灰岩構成的。洞頂有很多的裂隙，每一處裂隙裏都有水滴滲透出來。每當水分蒸發掉後，那裏就會留下一些石灰質的沉澱，日積月累，天長日久洞頂上的石灰質愈積愈多，終於形成了乳頭。以後，乳頭外面又包起一層石灰質，以至越垂越長，就形成了姿態萬千的鐘乳石。
石筍其實就是鐘乳石的孿生兄弟。當洞頂上的水滴落下來時，石灰質也在地面上沉積起來，就這樣石筍對着鐘乳石向上長起來，若是說鐘乳石是“兄長”，那石筍就是“孿生弟弟”了。
而石筍底盤大，本身比較穩定不易折斷，所以它比鐘乳石的生長速度還要快，還要粗壯呢。
託福TPO19閱讀原文+題目+答案解析-Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems
