雅思寫作—定語從句你真的正確使用了嗎？
定語從句應該是雅思寫作中使用得最爲頻繁的一種構造複雜表達的語法內容了，因爲我們似乎從學英語開始就一直在使用它。
但是在雅思寫作考試的高壓下，懷抱着堆出雅思寫作高級表達之心的烤鴨們，常常還是有定語從句誤用的情況，本文將分析其原因。
一、雅思寫作定語從句之用法不當
很多中國考生認爲因爲which使用次數更少，所以在定語從句中which會比that使用分數更高，這其實是一個誤區，因爲which不能取代that在所有的定語從句中的使用。
A. 可共用的地方——指代一般物
例如：
The amount of the rubbish that we produce is increasing at an alarming rate.
在這句話中，that就可以用which取代，而且建議考生當that和which在定語從句中充當賓語的情況下能省略就省略。
再如：
The problem that has been under debate for several decades is that the basic facilities and infrastructure are unlikely to satisfy the needs of more tourists.
B. 不能共用的地方——只能用which，不能用that
例如：
Students living in their own homes would live a more comfortable life and have more opportunities to communicate with their parents, which has a beneficial impact on the development of their personal character.
再如：
Television, the most pervasive means of entertainment for the average public, is advancing towards an entirely new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which is likely to reshape the world.
在這兩句話中，which都是不可以用that取代的，因爲which在文章中指代的是前面的整句話，所以which後面的謂語動詞用的也是單三形式。當which在從句裏面用來表示前面整句話造成的影響時，which前面要用逗號，謂語動詞用單數。
C. 只能使用that，不能使用which的地方
1. 當先行詞爲all、little、much、few、everything、none等不定代詞時關係代詞用that而不用which。
Many people hold the view that they can do nothing to protect the fragile environment, andeverything that does have good impacts on the environment can only be implemented with the political will.
There would be few that could pursue a career without future.
2. 當先行詞既有人又有物時，關係代詞用that，不用which。
There are a great number of ignorant people and large companies that sacrifice the environment to get the maximum profits.
The most important thing is concerned with the reaction of workers and factories that do not agree with this new scheme.
3. 當先行詞有形容詞最高級修飾時，關係代詞用that，而不用which。
Many people have extraordinary willingness to bombard their brains with new experiences, while others avoid the latest things that they think would make them have the feeling of fear.
4. 當先行詞有序數詞修飾時，關係代詞用that，不用which。
The first sight that was caught at the Great Wall has made a lasting impression on him.
The first impression that you leave to the interviewer is the most important thing that determines whether you are admitted by the company.
5. 當先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the right等修飾時，關係代詞用that，不用which。
Travelling exposes the students to a variety of cultures and natural beauty by themselves, the very experience that school education cannot provide to them.
This is the very hotel that we lived last year.
6. 當先行詞被all, every, any, much, little, few, no等修飾時，關係代詞用that，不用which。
Much of the blame that needs to be taken should be placed on tourists themselves, who foolishly clambered all over the revered Buddha statues.
Every child that has auditory deficit would have difficulty in learning to reach the maximum potential.
7. 當主句是以which開頭的特殊問句時，定語從句關係代詞一般用that而不用which.
Which of the books that had pictures was worth reading?
Many people wonder which of the problems that they are facing is the most pressing one and should be researched and solved immediately.
8. 指代人時，只可以使用that以及who，而不可以使用which。
In my opinion, there are plenty of opportunities for everyone in our society, but only thosethat are adequately prepared and highly qualified can make full use of them.
that不可以用which取代，因爲that前面的先行詞是人，所以只能用that或者who來引導。
9. 在強調句型“It is ... that ...”中，只用that，不用which。
It is the lack of financial incentive that is responsible for the shortage of talents in the athletic field.
It is talent that determines whether a person can succeed in any field, particularly in theartistic and mathematic field.
二、雅思寫作定語從句之高級表達用法
1.語從句高分的用法——將定語從句轉換成非謂語動詞，修飾前面的先行詞
例如：Those people who strongly support capital punishment have the following reasons.
改成：Those people strongly supporting capital punishment have the following reasons.
再如：Those students who study in a foreign country seem to be more self-confident,independent and well-informed.
改成：Those students studying in a foreign country seem to be more self-confident, independent and well-informed.
2.句中的關聯詞who去掉，從句的謂語動詞變成了ing形式
例如：The buildings that were knocked down several years ago are with neither financial nor aesthetic values.
改成The buildings knocked down several years ago are with neither financial nor aesthetic values.
Foods that are exported from a foreign market are more expensive than the local products of the same kind.
改成Foods exported from a foreign market are more expensive than the local products of the same kind.
3.中的that照樣去掉，從句的謂語動詞由被動語態變成了過去分詞。
例如：The forest and bush that have been cleared for agriculture are now suffering from soil erosion.
改成The forest and bush having been cleared for agriculture are now suffering from soil erosion.
4.中的that去掉，構成完成時態的have變成having，這與主被動沒有關係。
