意大利20家主要美術館全球招聘館長

Wanted: Directors for 20 of Italy’s leading museums, including the Uffizi in Florence, the Galleria Borghese in Rome and the Accademia in Venice. Strong art history background, management experience and an interest in improving visitor experience a must. Fluency in Italian a definite plus, but not a requirement.

招聘：意大利20家主要博物館招聘館長，包括佛羅倫薩的烏菲茲美術館(Uffizi)、羅馬的博爾蓋塞美術館(Galleria Borghese)和威尼斯的學院美術館(Accademia)。應聘者必須具備深厚的藝術史知識和豐富的管理經驗，有興趣改善遊客體驗。能講一口流利的意大利語無疑是個優勢，但不是必要條件。

With an advertisement in the Economist and other publications, Italy this month announced its first-ever international search for museum directors, part of a shake-up at its major art and archaeology institutions. The deadline for applications is Feb. 15.

本月，意大利在《經濟學家》(Economist)等期刊上發佈了這條廣告，標誌着它首次在國際上尋找博物館館長，這是它的主要藝術和考古機構變革的一部分。申請截止日期是2月15日。

Under the current system, the Culture Ministry manages Italy’s museums and directors have little autonomy. The changes are intended to help bring museums closer in line with counterparts like the Louvre and the Prado. They also seek to give directors more influence over budgets and ease the way for them to raise private funds to help offset drastic cuts in state funding.

在目前的體制下，意大利的所有博物館由文化部管理，館長們幾乎沒有自主權。這些變革意在幫助意大利的博物館跟上盧浮宮和普拉多等同級別博物館的步伐。他們還想在預算方面賦予博物館長更多權力，方便館長們籌集私人資金，以彌補國家資助額的大幅減少。

The goal is also to allow directors to make Italy’s art-rich but often fusty museums easier for tourists to navigate — with better presentation, labels and organization.

意大利的博物館充滿藝術氣息，但往往比較陳舊。這次變革的另一個目的是讓館長們提升陳列方式、標牌和組織秩序，更便於遊客參觀。

“It’s a giant leap ahead,” Dario Franceschini, Italy’s culture minister, said in a recent interview in his ballroom-size office. “Italian museums should be more dynamic. They should have more bookshops, more restaurants. They should be attractive and have more multimedia.”

最近，意大利文化部長達里奧·弗蘭切斯基尼(Dario Franceschini)在自己舞廳大小的辦公室裏接受採訪時說，“這是一項重要飛躍。意大利的博物館應該更有活力。應該有更多書店和餐館。應該更吸引人，提供更多的多媒體服務。”

Mr. Franceschini has championed the changes at the Culture Ministry as part of the can-do spirit of the government of Prime Minister Matteo Renzi, who faces the challenging task of rousing Italy from a protracted recession.

弗蘭切斯基尼認爲，文化部的這些變革是總理馬泰奧·倫齊(Matteo Renzi)的政府樂觀進取精神的體現。馬泰奧·倫齊面臨着遏制意大利經濟長期衰退的艱鉅任務。

But the changes have also raised concerns that the new hiring criteria will favor marketing savvy over conservation and risk putting too much power in the hands of revolving-door culture ministers rather than longtime state culture officials. Others said the changes did not provide museums with enough autonomy, given that museum employees will remain part of the Culture Ministry bureaucracy.

但是這些變革也讓人們擔心，新的聘任標準更注重市場營銷意識而非遺產保護，太多會權力落入頻頻換人的文化部長手中，而不是由長期在任的國家文化官員掌握。還有人說，這些變革並不能讓博物館擁有更多自主權，因爲博物館員工將仍是文化部官僚體制的一部分。

Simply changing directors won’t have any effect “if the state doesn’t change, if the structures of the museum don’t change,” said Antonio Natali, director of the Uffizi. He also said that unless the director has control of the museum’s crucial technical, administrative, legal and personnel offices, then “not even the descent of a new redeemer” would make Italian museums function at their best. Last year, the country’s museums attracted more than 40 million visitors and took in nearly 135 million euros, or $156 million, the Culture Ministry said. By making the most-visited and highest-earning museums more independent, the ministry hopes they will generate more revenue. Under the current system, the proceeds from ticket sales go directly to the state and directors have little incentive to draw more visitors, raise private funds or set up profit-generating cafeterias and shops.

烏菲茲美術館館長安東尼奧·納塔利(Antonio Natali)說，“如果國家不改革，如果博物館的體制不改變”，那麼，只是換館長不會有什麼作用。他還說，除非館長能控制博物館的技術、管理、法律和人事等關鍵部門，那麼“即使是新救世主降臨”，也無法讓意大利的博物館以最佳狀態運轉。意大利文化部稱，去年意大利的博物館吸引了4000多萬遊客，收入近1.35億歐元，約合1.56億美元。文化部希望通過讓遊客最多、收入最高的博物館更獨立，以此來獲得更多收入。在目前的體制下，門票收入直接收歸國有，館長們幾乎沒有動力吸引更多遊客、籌集私人資金或者設立賺錢的自助餐廳和商店。

Beyond the 20 top museums, the changes would reorganize thousands of other Italian museums into regional clusters and offer a combined ticket, encouraging tourists to visit multiple museums. “A country with 4,000 museums should see this as a formidable economic resource,” Mr. Franceschini said. “Italy’s challenge is to offer quality tourism,” he added.

除了那20個主要博物館，這次變革還將對意大利的其他幾千個博物館進行區域重組，提供聯票，鼓勵遊客多參觀幾個博物館。“一個有4000個博物館的國家應該將博物館視爲強大的經濟來源，”弗蘭切斯基尼說。他補充說，“意大利麪臨的挑戰是提供高質量的旅遊產品。”

The 20 top museums include some of the most-visited in Italy — the Uffizi, the Pinacoteca di Brera in Milan, the Archaeological Museum in Naples — but also sites that the ministry thinks have untapped potential, like the archaeological museums in Taranto and Reggio Calabria in southern Italy.

這20個主要博物館包括意大利的一些遊客最多的博物館，比如烏菲茲美術館、米蘭的布雷拉畫廊(Pinacoteca di Brera)和那不勒斯的考古博物館，但是這位文化部長認爲，還有其他一些博物館也具有開發潛力，比如塔蘭託的考古博物館和意大利南部的雷焦卡拉布里亞博物館。

The new directors are expected to be in place by the summer and will serve four-year terms before the positions reopen. The current museum directors — typically experts in art history, archaeology or architecture but for the most part with little professional training in arts management — will have to reapply for their own jobs. Mr. Natali of the Uffizi said he would do so “to keep faith in my dignity as a man.” Since the job was posted on Jan. 8, at least 50 people have applied. The Italian-language application has been downloaded 12,000 times and the English application 50 times, a spokesman for the Culture Ministry said.

新館長將於夏季就任，任職四年。目前的博物館長大多是藝術史、考古或建築方面的專家，大多幾乎沒有接受過藝術管理方面的專業培訓，他們將不得不重新申請自己的職位。烏菲茲博物館的館長納塔利說，“爲了保持做人的尊嚴”，他也會申請。自1月8日該職位在網上公佈起，至少已有50人申請。文化部的一位發言人說，意大利語申請表被下載了1.2萬次，英語申請表被下載了50次。

Mr. Franceschini said he hoped the search would attract international applicants. But while salaries for the new directors — from 78,000 euros ($91,000) to 145,000 euros ($170,000) — are high for Italy and competitive in Europe, they pale in comparison to those of their counterparts in the United States, where the director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York earns more than $1 million a year.

弗蘭切斯基尼說，他希望這次招聘能吸引國際申請者。不過，雖然新館長的年薪——7.8萬歐元（約合9.1萬美元）至14.5萬歐元（約合17萬美元）——在意大利算是挺高的，在歐洲也有競爭力，但與美國同行的年薪相比大爲遜色。紐約大都會藝術博物館館長的年薪超過100萬美元。

Most Italian cultural experts welcomed the changes, with some reservations. “It opens the possibility for a new era of management of Italian museums,” said Stefano Baia Curioni, a professor of cultural policy at Bocconi University in Milan. “But the crucial point is that the minister has to nominate a committee that’s outside of the game, that can make selection in an independent way.”

意大利的大部分文化專家歡迎這些變革，但也有一些保留意見。“它爲意大利博物館管理進入新時代提供了一種可能性，”米蘭博科尼大學文化政策教授斯特凡諾·巴亞·庫廖尼(Stefano Baia Curioni)說，“但關鍵是文化部長必須在組建一個利益圈之外的委員會，保證選拔獨立進行。”

Under the present system, museum directors are named by career state culture officials, not by the minister, who is a political appointee. After the Feb. 15 deadline, a five-member committee selected by Mr. Franceschini will choose a shortlist of three candidates for each museum, and he will make the final decisions this spring. Mr. Franceschini dismissed the idea that the changes would centralize power and run the risk of cronyism. “The selection procedure presupposes that very high-level candidates will apply,” he said, adding that committee members will also be able to give their recommendations.

在目前的體制下，博物館館長由國家文化人事官員任命，而不是由文化部長任命。文化部長是政治任命。2月15日申請截止後，弗蘭切斯基尼組建的五人委員會將爲每個博物館挑選三位候選人，今年春天弗蘭切斯基尼將做出最後選擇。有人認爲這些變革會導致權力集中或任人唯親，弗蘭切斯基尼反駁了這些觀點。“選拔程序的先決條件是有很高水平的候選人申請，”他說。他補充說，委員會成員也可以做出推薦。

Some worry that the changes might be the first step toward dismantling an established and widely respected system of cultural stewardship and replacing it with one that favors crowd-pleasing blockbuster shows over quality and research.

有些人擔心，這些變革可能會動搖文化管理工作廣受尊敬的悠久體制，代之以更注重迎合大衆的體制，更看重製造轟動性展覽，而非質量與研究。

“One word of caution is that museums have to educate and not entertain, that’s the bottom line,” said Daniel Berger, a longtime adviser to the Culture Ministry. “They are the font of Italy’s cultural heritage and collective memory.”

“需要注意的是，博物館的意義在於教育，而非娛樂，這是底線，”文化部資深顧問丹尼爾·貝格爾(Daniel Berger)說，“它們是意大利文化遺產和集體記憶的根本。”

Many experts acknowledge that the ministry’s mandate is primarily conservation, rather than making museums appealing to visitors.

很多專家承認，文化部的主要任務是保護，而非讓博物館更吸引遊客。

“There is social, cultural, educational value in museums that is underused because of the current system of cultural management,” said James Bradburne, the director general of the Palazzo Strozzi in Florence. “If, on the other hand, it is just a way to get politicians closer to the decision-making structure to transform them into tourist cash cows,” he added, “then it’s a mistake.”

“由於目前的文化管理體制，博物館的社會、文化和教育價值沒有得到充分利用，”佛羅倫薩斯特羅齊宮(Palazzo Strozzi)的總負責人詹姆斯·布拉德伯恩(James Bradburne)說。“另一方面，如果它只是爲了讓政客們更有決策權，把博物館變成搖錢樹，”他補充說，“那將是一個錯誤。”