英語動詞的分類及基本形式分析

動詞是英語中相見的詞，也是學生在學習中的重點學習的對象，下面本站的小編將爲大家帶來高中英語的動詞的形式和種類的介紹，希望能夠幫助到大家。

　　英語動詞的分類及基本形式

動詞的分類

表示動作中狀態的詞叫做動詞。根據其在句中的功能，動詞可分爲行爲動詞、系動詞、助動詞和情態動詞四類，有些動詞是兼類詞。如：

We have lunch at 12. 我們12點吃午飯。(have是行爲動詞)

We have been to New York. 我們去過紐約。(have是助動詞)

W I am hungry. 我餓了。(am是連繫動詞)

She was beaten on the way home. 她在回家的路上被人打了。(was是助動詞)

You neednt have waited for me. 你本來不必等我。(need是情態動詞)

The door needs painting. 這個門需要油漆了。(needs及物動詞)

動詞的基本形式

絕大多數動詞都有五種基本形式：動詞原形、一般現在時第三人稱單數、過去式、過去分詞和現在分詞。

A. 第三人稱單數形式的構成

一般現在時主語是第三人稱單數時，謂語動詞後要加s或es，其變化規則與名詞變複數的方法大體相同：

1. 一般情況下只在動詞後加s，如work—works, write—writes。

2. 以s, x, sh, ch結尾的動詞，後加es，如guess—guesses, mix—mix, finish—finishes, catch—catches。

3. 以輔音字母加y結尾的動詞，改y爲ies，如study—studies。

注：不規則變化的有have—has, be—is, go—goes, do—does等。

B. 現在分詞的構成

1. 一般情況下在動詞後加ing，如study—studying, work—working。

2. 以不發音的字母e結尾的動詞，先去掉e再加ing，如write—writing, move—moving。

3. 以一個元音字母和一個輔音結尾的重讀音節結尾的動詞，要雙寫末尾一個輔音字母，再加ing，如get—getting, begin—beginning。

4. 以ie結尾的名詞，一般將ie改爲y，再加ing，如lie—lying, die—dying, tie—tying。

注：(A) 以l結尾的動詞，尾音節重讀時，雙寫l，如control—controlling;尾音節不重讀時，雙不雙寫都可以，如travel—traveling(美) /travelling(英) 。(B) 特例：picnic—picnicking。

C. 過去式和過去分詞的構成

1. 一般情況直接加ed，如ask—asked, work—worked。

2. 以不發音的e結尾，只加d，如love—loved, dance—danced。

3. 以輔音字母加y結尾，把y變爲ied，如try—tried, study—studied。

4. 以一個元音字母和一個輔音結尾的重讀音節結尾的動詞，先雙末尾一個字母，再加ed，如stop—stopped, permit—permitted。

注：(A) 以l結尾的動詞，尾音節重讀時，雙寫l，如control—controlled;尾音節不重讀時，雙不雙寫都可以，如travel—traveled(美) /traveled(英) 。(B) 特例：picnic—picnicked。另外，還有很多動詞的過去式和過去分詞是不合乎上述規則的，需要熟記。

知識點總結

類 別	意義	例 句
實義動詞	含有實在的意義,表示動作或狀態,在句子中能獨立作謂語。	Shehassome bananas. Theyeata lot of potatoes.
連繫動詞	本身有一定的詞義,但不能獨立作謂語,必須和表語一起構成謂語。	His fatherisa teacher. Twins usuallylookthe same. The teacherbecamevery angry.
助動詞	本身沒有詞義,不能獨立作謂語,只能和主要動詞一起構成謂語動詞,用來表示否定、疑問、時態、語態或其它語法形式,助動詞自身有人稱、單複數和時態的變化。	Hedoesn’t speak English. Weare playing basketball. Doyou have a brother?
情態動詞	本身有一定的意義,不能獨立作謂語,只能和主要動詞一起構成謂語動詞,表示說話人的語氣和情態。情態動詞沒有人稱和單複數的變化,有些情態動詞有過去式。	Youcankeep the books for two weeks. MayI smoke here? Wemust go now.

重要註解：

(1) 關於實義動詞：

① 英語的實義動詞又可分爲及物動詞和不及物動詞兩大類：

後面必須跟賓語意義才完整的叫及物動詞;本身意義完整,後面不需跟賓語的叫不及物動詞。

② 有些動詞通常只作不及物動詞。如：go, come, happen, lie, listen, rise, arrive等。

有些動詞通常用作及物動詞。如：say, raise, lay, find, buy等。

③ 大多數動詞可以兼作及物動詞和不及物動詞。如：study, sing等。

④ 有些動詞作及物動詞與作不及物動詞時的意義有所不同。如：know, wash等。

⑤ 有些動詞常和介詞、副詞或其它詞類一起構成固定詞組,形成短語動詞。如：listen, reply, wait, look.

(2) 關於連繫動詞：

①連繫動詞用來連接主語和表語,連繫動詞後面常爲形容詞。

②常見的連繫動詞有：be、become、look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、turn、grow、get、go、fall、sit、stand、lie 等。

③有些連繫動詞來源於實義動詞,意思也跟着變化：look(看→看起來)、feel(感覺、摸→感到)、 smell(聞、嗅→聞起來)、taste(嘗→嚐起來)、turn(翻轉、轉動→變得)、grow(生長→變得)、get(得到、到達→變得)、go(去→變得),所不同的是,作爲實義動詞時,後面不能跟形容詞。

(3) 關於助動詞：

①常見的助動詞有：

用於進行時和被動語態的be (am, is, are ,was, were, been, being ) ;

用於完成時的have(has, had, having) ;

用於將來時的shall (should) ; will (would)

用於一般時的do(does, did) .

②助動詞必須同主語的人稱和數一致,也就是說因主語人稱、數的不同而採用不同的形式,其中有些助動詞也可作情態動詞。如：shall, will, should, would.

(4) 關於情態動詞：

2、動詞詞形變化一覽表：

(1)規則動詞變化表：

規 則變 化	原形動詞結尾情況	現在時單三人稱	現在分詞/動名詞	過去式和過去分詞
	一般情況	+s	+ing	+ed
	s,x,ch,sh,o結尾	+es	+ing	+ed
	輔音字母+y結尾	y→i,+es	+ing	y→i,+ed
	重讀閉音節一元一輔結尾	+s	雙寫輔音字母,+ing	雙寫輔音字母,+ed
	不發音的e結尾	+s	去掉e,+ing	+d
	ie結尾	+s	ie→y,+ing	+d
不規則變化		have→has；be→is	(無)	(見不規則動詞變化表)

(2)不規則動詞變化表：( 原形 → 過去式 → 過去分詞)

be(am,is)	was	been		lose		lost	lost
be(are)	were	been		make		made	made
beat	beat	beaten		may		might
become	became	become		mean		meant	meant
begin	began	begun		meet		met	met
blow	blew	blown		mistake		mistook	mistaken
break	broke	broken		must		must
bring	brought	brought		pay		paid	paid
build	built	built		put		put	put
buy	bought	bought		read		read	Read
can	could			ride		rode	ridden
catch	caught	caught		ring		rang	rung
choose	chose	chosen		rise		rose	risen
come	came	come		run		ran	run
cost	cost	cost		say		said	said
cut	cut	cut		see		saw	seen
dig	dug	dug		sell		sold	sold
do	did	done		send		sent	sent
draw	drew	drawn		set		set	set
drink	drank	drunk		shall		should
drive	drove	driven		shine	shone		shone
eat	ate	eaten		show	showed		shown
fall	fell	fallen		shut	shut		shut
feel	felt	felt		sing	sang		sung
find	found	found		sink	sank/sunk		sunk/sunken
fly	flew	flown		sit	set		set
forget	forgot	forgot/forgotten		sleep	slept		slept
freeze	froze	frozen		smell	smelt		smelt
get	got	got		speak	spoke		spoken
give	gave	given		spend	spent		spent
go	went	gone		spill	spilt		spilt
grow	grew	grown		spoil	spoilt		spoilt
hang	hung/hanged	hung/hanged		stand	stood		stood
have(has)	had	had		sweep	swept		swept
hear	heard	heard		swim	swam		swum
hide	hid	hidden		take	took		taken
hit	hit	hit		teach	taught		taught
hold	held	held		tell	told		told
hurt	hurt	hurt		think	thought		thought
keep	kept	kept		throw	threw		thrown
know	knew	known		understand	understood		understood
lay	laid	laid		wake	woke/waked		woken/waked
learn	learnt/learned	learnt/learned		wear	wore		worn
leave	left	left		will	would
lend	lent	lent		win	won		won
let	let	let		write	wrote		witten
lie	lay	lain

3、be(“是/存在”)動詞的各種時態變化：

一 般 現 在 時	一 般 將 來 時	現 在 完 成 時
I am…. You are.… He/She/It is…. We/You/They are….	(I等各人稱) will be…. I am He/She/It is going to be… We/You/They are	I have been…. You have been…. She/he/It has been…. We/You/They have been….
一 般 過 去 時	過 去 將 來 時	過 去 完 成 時
I was…. You were.… He/She/It was…. We/You/They were….	(I等各人稱) would be…. I was He/She/It was going to be… We/You/They were	I had been…. You had been…. She/he/It had been…. We/You/They had been….

注意：句型變化時,

否定句在am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 後面加not,而且not都可以縮寫爲n’t (am後面not不可以縮寫);

疑問句將am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 提前到句首。

4、其它謂語動詞(主動語態)的時態變化一覽表：

現在 時態	一 般 現 在 時	現 在 進 行 時	一 般 將 來 時	現 在 完 成 時
謂語動詞構成	動詞用原形(單三加s / es) (問句和否定句借用助詞do / does)	am is+動詞-ing are	will + 動詞原形 am is +going to+動詞原形 are	have +過去分詞 has
過去時態	一 般 過 去 時	過 去 進 行 時	過 去 將 來 時	過 去 完 成 時
謂語動詞構成	動詞用過去式 (問句和否定句借用助詞did)	was +動詞-ing were	would + 動詞原形 was+going to+動詞原形 were	had +過去分詞

注：動詞的非謂語形式及用法見非謂語動詞專項講解。

誤區提醒

動詞的種類和形式要結合動詞的時態、語態等來學習，掌握好動詞的分類和形式，是學好時態和語態的基礎，撇開動詞分類及基礎知識去學其他內容，是捨本求末的做法，只有基礎紮實了，才能高屋建瓴，徹底弄清楚跟動詞有關的其他內容，打贏英語學習當中的攻堅戰!

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信件類

I would appreciate it very much If you ……

Wish you a pleasant journey.

You letter came to me this morning.

I have received your letter of July the 20th.

I’m writing to you about the lecture to be given next Monday.

學習類

Be getting on well with one’s study

put one’s heart into…

He has the best record in school.

Take the essence and discard the dregs.

be poor at.../be weak in...

improve oneself in...

師生類

get on well with sb.

try to teach sb. good study habits

like to be with students

try to teach sb good study habits

make one’s lessons lively and interesting; teach sb. sth.

be strict with one’spupils

praise sb. for sth.

blame sb. for sth.

事情過程

have the habit of doing...

set about doing...

find a way to do...

Some are doing A, others are doing B and still others are doing

try one’sbest to do...=go all out to do...

can’t help doing…; do some good deeds to people

make up one’smind to do...

立場態度

hold different attitudes towards this issue

people / those in fovor of the former/ latteropinion

prefer to do A rather than do B

force sb. to do...

take sb.’sside

explain... to sb.

Views on …vary from person to person.

課餘活動

enjoy doing things by oneself

enjoy a family trip

It was a very relaxing Sunday.

have a picnic over the weekend

enjoy a family trip

spend one’s time in many different ways

健康

be in good shape; be in good (poor )health

feel weak (well, terrible, sick); have got a high (slight ) fever

have a slight (bad) cold; take one’s temperature

have got a pain in…; be good (bad) for one’s health(eyes)

It’s nothing serious. stay in bed until…; save one’s life

過渡性詞語

表列舉：for example、for instance、that is to say

表補充：besides、in addition、moreover

表對比：on the one hand…on the other hand、in spite of

表原因：because of、thanks to、due to、owing to

表結果：therefore、thus、as a result、so

表結論：to conclude、in a word、in brief、to sum up

錶轉折：however、nevertheless、yet

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