美國全職媽媽所佔的比例穩步上升大綱

After decades of decline, the share of mothers who stay home with their children has steadily risen over the last several years, a new report has found.
一項新的報告發現，經過了幾十年的下降之後，過去幾年待在家中照顧孩子的媽媽所佔的比例在穩步上升。

In 2012, 29% of all mothers with children under age 18 stayed at home, a figure that has steadily risen since 1999 when 23% of mothers were stay-at-home, the Pew Research Center reported Tuesday. The share of stay-at-home moms had been dropping since 1967, when about half of all moms stayed home.
Associated PressPew Research Center週二發佈的這份報告顯示，2012年，在家有18歲以下孩子的所有媽媽中，有29%的媽媽待在家中照顧孩子，這一比例較1999年的23%有穩步上升。在1967年，全職媽媽所佔的比例大約爲50%，此後該比例一直在下降。

Pew attributed the rise of stay-at-home mothers to a mix of demographic, economic and societal factors. The vast majority of married stay-at-home mothers, 85%, say they are doing so by choice in order to care for their families. That rate is much lower for single stay-at-home mothers, at 41%, and cohabitating mothers, at 64%.
Pew將全職媽媽佔比上升歸因於人口結構、經濟和社會等多種因素。在已婚的全職媽媽中，稱自己是爲了照顧家庭而選擇待在家中的全職媽媽佔了絕大多數，比例爲85%，而在單親全職媽媽和同居的全職媽媽中，這一比例要低得多，分別爲41%和64%。

The report also found a drop in women working because of the recession, a trend that has lingered as the economy recovers. Pew cited an increase in immigrant families, for whom it is more common to have a mother stay at home with her children, and an increase in the number of women who said they were disabled and unable to work.
該報告還發現經濟衰退導致參加工作的女性減少，這一趨勢在經濟復甦期間仍在持續。Pew將這歸因於移民家庭的增加，在這樣的家庭中，媽媽留在家中照顧孩子更爲普遍。Pew認爲，這還因爲自稱有殘疾和無法工作的女性在增加。

A companion public opinion survey by Pew, from 2013, found that mothers are much more likely than fathers to have reduced work hours, take a significant amount of time off, quit a job or, by a small margin, turn down a promotion in order to care for a child or family member. Pew said 42% of mothers said they had reduced their work hours to care for a child or family member, versus 28% of fathers.
Pew在2013年同時進行的一項民意調查發現，和爸爸相比，媽媽減少工作時間、請長假以及離職的可能性要大得多，媽媽也比爸爸更有可能（儘管差距不是很大）爲了照顧孩子或家庭成員而拒絕升職。Pew稱，42%的媽媽說，她們爲了照顧孩子或家庭成員而減少了工作時間，而這樣做的爸爸只佔28%。

A second Pew survey, taken this year, found most in the general public think that children are better off with a parent at home: 60% said children are better off with a parent at home, versus 35% who said kids are just as well off when parents work.
Pew在今年進行的第二項調查發現，公衆大多認爲父母有一方待在家中的孩子過得更好：持這一觀點的公衆佔到了60%，但35%的公衆認爲父母都外出工作的孩子過得同樣好。

The survey of 3,341 people was conducted in January and February. Groups most likely to say kids are better off with a parent at home include Hispanics, people with a high school degree or less and evangelical Christians, the report said.
這項針對3,341名受訪者的調查是在1、2月份進行的。該報告稱，最有可能認爲父母有一方待在家中的孩子過得更好的羣體包括西班牙裔、學歷僅爲高中或更低的人羣以及福音派基督教徒。

The Pew analysis of trends for stay-at-home moms is based on an analysis of data from the Census Bureau's Current Population Survey. It defines stay-at-home mothers as those who say they are staying home in order to care for their children, as well as those who are not able to find work, are disabled or are enrolled in school.
Pew依據對美國人口普查局當期人口調查(Current Population Survey)的數據進行的分析來解析全職媽媽的趨勢。Pew對全職媽媽的定義爲自稱是爲了照顧孩子而待在家中以及找不到工作、殘疾或在校就讀的媽媽。

'This has important implications for the day to day lives of children,' said D'Vera Cohn, the report's author.
該報告的作者科恩(D'Vera Cohn)表示，全職媽媽的趨勢對孩子的日常生活有重要意義。

The share of stay-at-home mothers is now higher than it was during the recession in 2008, when it reached 26%. About 6% of moms say they are home because they can't find a job, up from just 1% in 2000.
目前全職媽媽所佔的比例已高於2008年經濟衰退時的26%。約有6%的媽媽稱，她們待在家裏是因爲找不到工作，而在2000年，這一比例只有1%。

The report didn't find lots more college-educated mothers dropping out of the workforce to spend time with their kids. In 2000, 20% of college-educated mothers were at home, compared to 2012 when it was 21%. Ms. Cohn said college-educated workers have done much better in the economy, helping to explain why they might stay in the workforce.
該報告發現爲照顧孩子放棄工作的受過高等教育的媽媽並沒有大幅增加。2000年，有20%的受過高等教育的媽媽待在家中，而2012年，該比例爲21%。科恩表示，受過高等教育的職工更能適應經濟形勢，這也幫助解釋了這些職工爲何可能留在職場。

The report also looked at how stay-at-home versus working moms use their time. Those at home spend more time on housework (23 hours per week versus 14 for working mothers), child care (18 hours vs. 11), leisure (31 hours vs. 22) and sleep (63 hours vs. 58 for working mothers).
該報告還研究了全職媽媽和有工作的媽媽是如何利用時間的。全職媽媽在家務事、照顧孩子、休閒和睡眠上花的時間更多。全職媽媽每週在家務事上花的時間爲23個小時，有工作的媽媽則爲14個小時。全職媽媽和有工作的媽媽每週在照顧孩子上花的時間分別爲18和11個小時，二者在休閒上的時間分別爲31和22個小時，用於睡眠的時間分別爲63和58個小時。