和吸菸一樣致命的五大健康殺手

Loneliness 孤獨

The growth of social media and waning in-person contact has led Former Surgeon General Vivek Murthy to label loneliness a worldwide epidemic. And it could be lethal.
曾任衛生局局長的維維克•默西認爲，社交媒體的增長和麪對面接觸的減少讓孤獨成爲了世界範圍的流行病。而孤獨可以是致命的。

Julianne Holt-Lunstad, a professor of psychology at Brigham Young University, has found in her research that loneliness reduces people's life spans by the equivalent of smoking 15 cigarettes a day.
楊百翰大學的心理學教授朱麗安娜•霍爾特-倫斯塔德在她的研究中發現，孤獨會縮短人的壽命，其危害相當於每天抽15根菸。

Sitting 久坐

Sitting all day increases risk for a raft of different cancers, a 2014 study found.
2014年的一項研究發現，終日久坐會增加患多種癌症的風險。

Researchers included in their meta-analyses data from four million people involving how often they sat to watch TV, do work, and commute.
研究人員在做薈萃分析時採集了400萬人坐下來看電視、工作和通勤的時長數據。

Each two-hour increase in sitting time upped people's risks for colon, endometrial, and lung cancers, regardless of whether they still exercised during the day.
靜坐的時間每增加兩個小時，就會增加人們患結腸癌、子宮內膜癌和肺癌的風險，不論一天中是否鍛鍊。

Sleep loss 失眠

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have called sleep deprivation a public health problem, as some 50 to 70 million people in the US have sleep or wakefulness disorder.
美國疾病控制與預防中心將失眠稱作公共健康問題，因爲美國有5000萬到7000萬的人遭受失眠困擾。

Professor Valery Gafarov, of the World Health Organisation, noted in 2015 that insufficient sleep raises the risk of stroke and heart attack to similar degrees as regular cigarette use.
世界衛生組織的瓦雷裏•加法羅夫教授在2015年指出，睡眠不足會提高中風和心臟病發作的風險，其危害相當於經常抽菸。

"Poor sleep should be considered a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease along with smoking, lack of exercise, and poor diet," he said.
他說：“睡眠不佳應和吸菸、缺乏鍛鍊和飲食不良一樣，被視爲導致心血管疾病的可調節風險因素。”

Tanning 美黑

Indoor tanning may seem like a more controlled version of regular sunbathing, but both are potentially more dangerous than smoking.
室內美黑似乎是更可控的日光浴，但是，這兩者都可能比吸菸更危險。

In 2014, researchers published a study in JAMA that found indoor tanning alone led to more cases of skin cancer than smoking did with lung cancer.
2014年，研究人員在《美國醫學會雜誌》上發表的一份研究報告指出，室內美黑導致的皮膚癌比吸菸導致肺癌的病例更多。

"Given the large number of skin cancer cases attributable to indoor tanning, these findings highlight a major public health issue," the investigators wrote.
研究人員寫道：“考慮到當前有如此多的皮膚癌病例都是由室內美黑導致的，這些發現凸顯出了一個重大的公共健康問題。”

Poor diet 飲食不良

A wealth of evidence has found that sugary, processed foods high in saturated fats can expose people to potentially fatal diseases at similar, if not greater, rates than smoking.
大量證據表明，含大量飽和脂肪的含糖加工食物會讓人們容易患上各種致命疾病，如果其危害不比吸菸更甚，至少也是和吸菸相當。

In 2016, researchers studying the mortality risks from poor diet concluded the death rates exceeded those of alcohol, drugs, uNPRotected sex, and tobacco combined.
2016年，研究人員發現，飲食不良的致死率比酗酒、吸毒、無保護性行爲和吸菸的致死率加起來還要高。