新鮮事：有專家說可以“讀取”面部表情的AI其實不太可靠

現如今，人工智能越來越多地出現在我們的生活中，爲我們帶來便利的同時，它的發展也存在一定的爭議，例如與隱私、法律、道德倫理的衝突。

針對可以“讀懂”情緒的人工智能系統，心理學家給出了他們的一些看法，一起來看看吧！

Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems that companies claim can “read” facial expressions is based on outdated science and risks being unreliable and discriminatory, one of the world’s leading experts on the psychology of emotion has warned.

一位研究情感心理學的世界頂尖專家警告稱，某些公司聲稱可以“讀懂”面部表情的人工智能技術是基於過時的科學，存在不可靠和具有歧視性的風險。

Lisa Feldman Barrett, professor of psychology at Northeastern University, said that such technologies appear to disregard a growing body of evidence undermining the notion that the basic facial expressions are universal across cultures. As a result, such technologies--some of which are already being deployed in real-world settings--run the risk of being unreliable or discriminatory, she said.

Northeastern大學的心理學教授麗莎·費爾德曼·巴雷特表示，此類技術似乎無視越來越多的證據，破壞了基本面部表情在整個文化中普遍存在的觀念。她說，結果就是，這樣的技術（其中一些已經在實際環境中部署了）存在着不可靠或歧視性的風險。

Amazon claims its own facial recognition system, Rekognition, can detect seven basic emotions--happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, disgust, calmness and confusion. The EU is reported to be trialling software which purportedly can detect deception through an analysis of micro-expressions in an attempt to bolster border security.

亞馬遜聲稱其自己的面部識別系統Rekognition能夠識別七種基本情緒--快樂、悲傷、憤怒、驚訝、厭惡、冷靜和困惑。據報道，歐盟正在試用一種軟件，據稱這種軟件可以通過分析微表情來發現欺騙行爲，以加強邊境安全。

“Based on the published scientific evidence, our judgment is that [these technologies] shouldn’t be rolled out and used to make consequential decisions about people’s lives,” said Feldman Barrett.

Feldman Barrett說：“根據已發表的科學文獻，我們的判斷是，這些技術不應該推出並應用於人們生活中的重大決定。”

Speaking ahead of a talk at the American Association for the Advancement of Science’s annual meeting in Seattle, Feldman Barrett said the idea of universal facial expressions for happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise and disgust had gained traction in the 1960s after an American psychologist, Paul Ekman, conducted research in Papua New Guinea showing that members of an isolated tribe gave similar answers to Americans when asked to match photographs of people displaying facial expressions with different scenarios, such as “Bobby’s dog has died”.

20世紀60年代，在美國心理學家 Paul Ekman 在西雅圖舉行的美國美國科學進步協會年度會議上發表演講之前，Feldman Barrett的通用面部表情表達快樂、悲傷、恐懼、憤怒、驚訝和厭惡的想法得到了認可。根據Paul Ekman 在巴布亞新幾內亞進行的研究表明，當被要求將人們表現出面部表情的照片與不同的場景（例如“鮑比的狗死了”）相匹配時，獨居部落的人也給出了類似的答案。

However, a growing body of evidence has shown that beyond these basic stereotypes there is a huge range in how people express emotion, both across and within cultures.

然而，越來越多的證據表明，在這些基本的刻板印象之外，不管是在跨文化中還是本文化中，人們表達情感的方式都有很大的差異。

In western cultures, for instance, people have been found to scowl only about 30% of the time when they’re angry, she said, meaning they move their faces in other ways about 70% of the time.

例如，在西方文化中，人們發現當他們生氣的時候只有30%的概率會皺眉，這意味着他們還有70% 的可能會以其他方式移動臉部。

“There is low reliability,” Feldman Barrett said. “And people often scowl when they’re not angry. That’s what we’d call low specificity. People scowl when they’re concentrating really hard, when you tell a bad joke, when they have gas.”

Feldman Barrett說：“所以這可靠性很低。人們不生氣的時候也會皺眉頭。這就是我們所說的低特異性。當人們集中注意力的時候，或聽到一個糟糕的笑話的時候，又或是當他們放屁的時候，他們也會皺起眉頭。”

The expression that is supposed to be universal for fear is the supposed stereotype for a threat or anger face in Malaysia, she said. There are also wide variations within cultures in terms of how people express emotions, while context such as body language and who a person is talking to is critical.

她說，在馬來西亞，人們普遍認爲恐懼是一種威脅或憤怒的表情。在人們表達情感的方式上，不同文化之間也存在着很大的差異，而肢體語言和與之交談的人這樣的背景環境是至關重要的。

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