雅思劍12閱讀真題Test6Passage1原文及答案

雅思劍12閱讀真題Test6Passage1原文及答案!雅思劍12閱讀真題Test6第一篇文章爲The risks agriculture faces in developing countries，考生可以多積累相關閱讀背景知識。下面是雅思劍12閱讀真題Test6Passage1練習題和解析，供大家練習。　　

雅思劍12閱讀真題Test6Passage1原文及題目

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

The risks agriculture faces in developing countries

Synthesis of an online debate

　A Two things distinguish food production from all other productive activities: first, every single person needs food each day and has a right to it; and second, it is hugely dependent on nature. These two unique aspects, one political, the other natural, make food production highly vulnerable and different from any other business. At the same time, cultural values are highly entrenched in food and agricultural systems worldwide.

B Farmers everywhere face major risks, including extreme weather, long-term climate change, and price volatility in input and product markets. However, smallholder farmers in developing countries must in addition deal with adverse environments, both natural, in terms of soil quality, rainfall, etc., and human, in terms of infrastructure, financial systems, markets, knowledge and technology. Counter-intuitively, hunger is prevalent among many smallholder farmers in the developing world.

C Participants in the online debate argued that our biggest challenge is to address the underlying causes of the agricultural system’s inability to ensure sufficient food for all, and they identified as drivers of this problem our dependency on fossil fuels and unsupportive government policies.

D On the question of mitigating the risks farmers face, most essayists called for greater state intervention. In his essay, Kanayo F. Nwanze, President of the International Fund for Agricultural Development, argued that governments can significantly reduce risks for farmers by providing basic services like roads to get produce more efficiently to markets, or water and food storage facilities to reduce losses. Sophia Murphy, senior advisor to the Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, suggested that the procurement and holding of stocks by governments can also help mitigate wild swings in food prices by alleviating uncertainties about market supply.

_he personal names in the text refer to the authors of written contributions to the online debate.

E Shenggen Fan, Director General of the International Food Policy Research Institute, held up social safety nets and public welfare programmes in Ethiopia, Brazil and Mexico as valuable ways to address poverty among farming families and reduce their vulnerability to agriculture shocks. However, some commentators responded that cash transfers to poor families do not necessarily translate into increased food security, as these programmes do not always strengthen food production or raise incomes. Regarding state subsidies for agriculture, Rokeya Kabir, Executive Director of Bangladesh Nari Progati Sangha, commented in her essay that these ‘have not compensated for the stranglehold exercised by private traders. In fact, studies show that sixty percent of beneficiaries of subsidies are not poor, but rich landowners and non-farmer traders.’

F Nwanze, Murphy and Fan argued that private risk management tools, like private insurance, commodity futures markets, and rural finance can help small-scale producers mitigate risk and allow for investment in improvements. Kabir warned that financial support schemes often encourage the adoption of high-input agricultural practices, which in the medium term may raise production costs beyond the value of their harvests. Murphy noted that when futures markets become excessively financialised they can contribute to short-term price volatility, which increases farmers’ food insecurity. Many participants and commentators emphasised that greater transparency in markets is needed to mitigate the impact of volatility, and make evident whether adequate stocks and supplies are available. Others contended that agribusiness companies should be held responsible for paying for negative side effects.

G Many essayists mentioned climate change and its consequences for small-scale agriculture. Fan explained that ‘in addition to reducing crop yields, climate change increases the magnitude and the frequency of extreme weather events, which increase smallholder vulnerability.’ The growing unpredictability of weather patterns increases farmers’ difficulty in managing weather-related risks. According to this author, one solution would be to develop crop varieties that are more resilient to new climate trends and extreme weather patterns. Accordingly, Pat Mooney, co-founder and executive director of the ETC Group, suggested that ‘if we are to survive climate change, we must adopt policies that let peasants diversify the plant and animal species and varieties/breeds that make up our menus.’

H Some participating authors and commentators argued in favour of community- based and autonomous risk management strategies through collective action groups, co-operatives or producers’ groups. Such groups enhance market opportunities for small-scale producers, reduce marketing costs and synchronise buying and selling with seasonal price conditions. According to Murphy, ‘collective action offers an important way for farmers to strengthen their political and economic bargaining power, and to reduce their business risks.’ One commentator, Giel Ton, warned that collective action does not come as a free good. It takes time, effort and money to organise, build trust and to experiment. Others, like Marcel Vernooij and Marcel Beukeboom, suggested that in order to ‘apply what we already know’, all stakeholders, including business, government, scientists and civil society, must work together, starting at the beginning of the value chain.

I Some participants explained that market price volatility is often worsened by the presence of intermediary purchasers who, taking advantage of farmers’ vulnerability, dictate prices. One commentator suggested farmers can gain greater control over prices and minimise price volatility by selling directly to consumers. Similarly, Sonali Bisht, founder and advisor to the Institute of Himalayan Environmental Research and Education (INHERE), India, wrote that community-supported agriculture, where consumers invest in local farmers by subscription and guarantee producers a fair price, is a risk-sharing model worth more attention. Direct food distribution systems not only encourage small-scale agriculture but also give consumers more control over the food they consume, she wrote.

List of People

A Kanayo F. Nwanze

B Sophia Murphy

C Shenggen Fan

D Rokeya Kabir

E Pat Mooney

F Giel Ton

G Sonali Bisht

Questions 10 and 11

Choose TWO letters, A-E.

Write the correct letters in boxes 10 and 11 on your answer sheet.

Which TWO problems are mentioned which affect farmers with small farms in developing countries?

A lack of demand for locally produced food

B lack of irrigation programmes

C being unable to get insurance

D the effects of changing weather patterns

E having to sell their goods to intermediary buyers

Questions 12 and 13

Choose TWO letters, A-E.

Write the correct letters in boxes 12 and 13 on your answer sheet.

Which TWO actions are recommended for improving conditions for farmers?

A reducing the size of food stocks

B attempting to ensure that prices rise at certain times of the year

C organising co-operation between a wide range of interested parties

D encouraging consumers to take a financial stake in farming

E making customers aware of the reasons for changing food prices

　　雅思劍12答案解析Test6閱讀Passage1

Test 6 Passage 1

Question 1

答案：A

關鍵詞：food production

定位原文：A段第一行：“Two things distinguish food production from all other productive activities: first…”

解題思路：A段提到了食品生產與其他生產活動有兩點不同，第一每個人每天都需要食物並且有權享有食物，第二食品生產很大程度上依靠自然。所以A段提到了僅適用於食品生產的特徵。

Question 2

答案：B

關鍵詞：farmers in certain parts of the world

定位原文：B段前兩句：“Farmers everywhere face major risks… However, smallholder farmers in developing countries must in addition deal with adverse environments, both natural… and human...”

解題思路：B段一開頭就提到全球的農民都會遇到極端天氣、長期氣候變化及價格波動這些問題，後面又提到發展中國家的小農又要額外處理一些問題，包括自然問題及人爲問題。題目中的certain parts of the world對應文中的developing countries。

Question 12&13

答案：CD

關鍵詞：improving conditions for farmers

定位原文：H段第一句：“… in favour of community-based and autonomous risk management strategies through collective action groups, co-operatives or producers’ groups…” H段第三句：“collective action offers an important way for farmers to strengthen their political and economic bargaining power, and to reduce their business risks.”I段第三句：“community-supported agriculture, where consumers invest in local farmers by subscription and guarantee producers a fair price, is a risk-sharing model worth more attention”

解題思路：H段第一句提到很多作者及評論員都支持集體形式的自治風險管理策略，建立集體行動小組、合作企業或者生產商小組，H段第三句提到Murphy的觀點，即這種集體行動能讓農民增強他們在政治和經濟上的交涉能力，並且削減他們的市場風險，與C選項對應。I段第三句提到在社區支持的農業中，顧客通過認購的方式投資當地農民，能保證比較合理的價格，這種形式分散了風險，值得更多關注，對應D選項。

　　雅思閱讀常見八大題型做題技巧

1、identify the writer’s overall purpose, target audience, sources etc.

辨識作者的寫作目的，目標讀者，和文章來源這種閱讀技能需要學生從文章的結構、內容、用詞通篇考慮。往往對應的是文章最後的一道選擇題。一般說來，雅思閱讀文章的寫作目的一般是介紹某個社會現象，目標讀者一般都是普通的具有一定認知能力的非專業性讀者，文章都來自一些偏學術化的雜誌和書籍。但具體的寫作目的目標讀者和文章來源要具體分析了。那麼同學們平時讀一些文章的時候就下意識地問問自己作者爲什麼寫這篇文章，作者希望什麼樣的人來讀這樣的文章等等這樣的問題，其實問這些問題既是讀懂一篇文章的手段也是目的。如果讀完了一篇文章還不能回答這樣的問題證明可能有些地方確實沒讀懂。

2、identify and follow key arguments in a text

識別並讀懂文章中的主要論述觀點這種閱讀技能是指從整體去把握一篇文章的結構，並對相應的重要的文章觀點進行提煉理解的能力。雅思的閱讀文章比較學術性，所以相對與其他的文體而言結構其實是比較容易把握的。但還是需要經過真題文章的仔細分析體會去學習英文議論說明性文字的結構特點，尤其注意體會區別出作者自己的觀點和別人的觀點，以及先負後正的寫法。

3、identify opinions and attitudes as opposed to facts

區分事實與觀點態度能夠區分文章中的內容是觀點態度或者是事實是一個閱讀者應該具備的基本技能。如果閱讀的時候不分青紅皁白都認爲是事實，我們就缺失了對文章信息的判斷能力，閱讀將可能是極其混亂的。人們不只在閱讀外語文章的時候會犯這種錯誤。那麼在文章中如果出現一些類似表示觀點態度的詞(比如maintain, argue)要注意，這些詞後面出現的應該就是觀點和態度。觀點和態度是主觀的，不能被證明的。但如果是這樣的表達：evidence show, experiment suggest後面跟的就應該是事實，可以被證明的。

4、locate specific information

定位細節信息雅思閱讀有一種比較難的題型which paragraph contains the following information考察的就是定位細節信息的能力。這種能力是考察學生能不能在海量的信息裏找到你最想找的信息然後進行閱讀的能力。這反應了國外大學閱讀量巨大的要求。學生不可能每個字都讀，得具備這種找到最有價值的一點然後再進行相關閱讀的能力。平時訓練這種scanning的閱讀技能。當然如果對全文結構不做一個skimming也就是大致瞭解文章結構而大致知道在哪幾段中尋找，這種任務基本上是不可能完成的。這也反應了讀書的一個基本步驟，拿到一本書我們應該先看目錄，知道書的大致結構再由此在最相關的段落中尋找閱讀興趣點。因此這種題型需要skimming+scanning兩種閱讀技能的結合才能準確快速地解題。

5、extract relevant information

摘取相關信息當定位到最相關的句子之後，雅思閱讀考試是希望學生能細緻閱讀並摘取出相關的信息答案的。而不是像那種不需要讀原文就能解出答案。那麼平時大家也應該進行相應的精讀訓練，把一些平時難以讀懂的句子仔細通過各種方法真正讀懂其意思。當然閱讀的時候應該帶着問題去有針對性的閱讀，搜尋我們想通過閱讀得出的最相關的信息。這些閱讀技能對應的是雅思絕大部分的細節題：包括填空題，表格題，句子完成題。

6、recognise key points for a summary

辨識概要裏面的關鍵點這兩種閱讀技能在一定程度上都要求同學們能在閱讀的時候區分出主旨和細節，以及主旨裏面最核心的關鍵點。這兩種閱讀技能往往對應的就是heading題和summary題。要知道往往一篇文章其實都可以用幾句話甚至是幾個詞來概括，那麼平時同學們在閱讀時一定要隨時問自己一個問題：這段話可以用哪一句話概括，這一句話中最重要的一個單詞是什麼?其他的信息和這個核心句或核心詞之間的關係是怎樣的?細節和主旨，關鍵點和其他細節點之間的聯繫和區別在哪裏?如果能回答這幾個問題，這個閱讀技能你也應該掌握了。但其實掌握了某種閱讀技能就意味着你在閱讀時要隨時使用這種技能，技能不拿來應用又有什麼意義呢?

7、group pieces of information in a text in accordance with salient criteria

根據明顯的標準對文章中的信息進行歸類這種閱讀技能反映在題型上就是分類題或者是配對題。作者在論述過程中的很多信息其實是有內在關聯的，文章之所以是一個整體就是因爲這種關聯性。在閱讀過程當中要隨時問問自己句子之間的關係是什麼，信息和信息之間的關係是什麼，作者是按照一個什麼樣的邏輯順序來展開他的文章的。只有這樣你才能真正看出那麼多紛繁複雜的信息之間的關係併爲它們進行歸類。其實這和上文中提到的很多閱讀技能一樣，既是有效閱讀的手段，也是檢驗你是否有效閱讀的工具。

8、extract information from a prose text to put into a diagrammatic representation

從文章中摘取相關的信息填入圖表圖表在雅思聽力，閱讀，寫作中都會出現。而使用圖表來一幕瞭然地表達相關的文字信息或者用文字信息簡潔地表示出圖表也是一種非常重要的工作學習技能。因此同學們平時在閱讀時候碰到帶有圖表的文字要留意圖表和文字之間的對應關係。

　　雅思閱讀應試技巧及方法

在雅思閱讀考試前考生除了需要有紮實的閱讀功底，還需要掌握一定的應試技巧和考場臨場發揮應變能力。今天小編爲大家準備的是雅思閱讀應試技巧及方法，希望大家在考試前做一些這方面的功課，不要在考試當天再去臨時抱佛腳。

技巧分享

首先考生要明白，雅思閱讀考試考察的閱讀理解能力和閱讀技巧，而不是你能否看懂文章。建議考生多做閱讀速讀訓練，也就是學會掃讀和略讀。掃讀就是根據關鍵詞，定位到相關語段，迅速尋找答案，略讀適合應用在雅思閱讀題型中的段落標記題，略讀能更好的抓住文章的中心句段及關鍵信息。

文章難易度預判

雅思閱讀文章是有難易度的，考生要根據文章難易度合理安排做題時間，本身時間就很緊張，第一篇文章預留10-12分鐘，第二篇和第三篇文章難度大預留20分鐘，留下5分鐘檢查答案，基本就差不多了。建議考生在模考時進行計時，精確到每一篇文章的做題時間，先易後難提升做題效率，難題後做，難度大的文章後做。

具體步驟如下：

閱讀文章前先掃讀題目，根據題型及關鍵詞進行掃讀和略讀。特徵性強的題目先做，遇到需要同義替換或細節題，可放到最後做。按照題目順序做題，如遇到信息匹配題等亂序題，則考慮放到最後做。

審題重要性

審題是最爲關鍵的，做好審題包括：題型分析、關鍵詞劃分、題目意圖分析等。根據題型分析，考生可選擇做題順序;而劃分關鍵詞則能幫助考生儘快定位文章答案範圍;做好題目意圖分析也就是掌握文章大意。

雅思閱讀臨場經驗之適當取捨

考試過程中難免會遇到難題，生詞和不確定的答案，考生不要過度糾結在題目上，遵循一個原則，能拿到的分一個不能少，難拿的分數儘量拿。不要在個別題目上停留太久，撿了芝麻丟了西瓜。