中英雙語話史記 第52期:東漢的興起與衰落

Rise and Fall of Eastern Han Dynasty

東漢的興起於衰落

A distant relative of Liu royalty, Liu Xiu, led the revolt against Wang Mang with the support of the landholding families and merchants.

劉皇室的遠親劉秀在地主和商人的支持下帶頭反抗王莽。

He “reestablished” the Han Dynasty at Luoyang, which would rule for another 200 years, and became Emperor Guangwu of Han China.

他在洛陽“復興”了漢室，使其又存在了200年，他就是漢朝的光武帝。

In 105, During Eastern Han Dynasty, an official and inventor named Cai Lun invented the technique for making fine paper.

公元105年，東漢年間，一位叫蔡倫的官員和發明家創造了一種製作高級紙張的技術。

The invention of paper is considered a revolution in communication and learning, dramatically lowering the cost of education.

紙的發明被認爲是對於交流和學習的一場革命，它極大地降低了學習的成本。

Nevertheless the Eastern Han emperors failed to put forward any groundbreaking land reforms after the failure of its precedent dynasty.

然而，東漢時期的皇帝沒能在前朝的失敗後提出一些開創性的土地改革。

Rife bureaucratic corruption and bribery contributed into lingering adverse consequences of land privatizations throughout the dynasty.

當時盛行的官僚腐敗與行賄受賄帶來了一直影響着這個朝代土地私有化的負面後果。

Prestige of a newly founded dynasty during the reigns of first three emperors were barely able to hinder the corruption ；

在前三位帝王統治下的新立朝代的威望很難阻止腐敗，

however Confucian scholar gentry turned on eunuchs for their corrupted authorities when consort clans and eunuchs struggled for power in subsequent reigns.

但是當那些儒家貴族看到外戚與太監們在後來繼位的皇帝統治時互相爭權奪利就把社會的腐敗全部歸因於太監。

None of these three parties was able to improve the harsh livelihood of peasants under the landholding families.

這三羣人都無法改善受地主壓迫的農民的艱難生活。

Land privatizations and accumulations on the hands of the elite affected the societies of the Three Kingdoms and the Southern and Northern Dynasties that the landholding elite held the actual driving and ruling power of the country.

精英控制下的土地私有化與不斷積累影響着三國和南北朝時期的社會，因爲地主精英掌握了國家的實際領導力和執政權。

Successful ruling entities worked with these families, and consequently their policies favored the elite.

成功的政權與這些家族合作，最終使貴族受到政策優待。

Adverse effects of the Nine grade controller system or the Nine rank system were brilliant examples.

九品中正制的負面效果就是極佳的例子。

Taiping Taoist ideals of equal rights and equal land distribution quickly spread throughout the peasantry.

太平道教對於權利平等和土地費配均衡的想法很快在農民中傳開了。

As a result, the peasant insurgents of the Yellow Turban Rebellion swarmed the North China Plain, the main agricultural sector of the country.

因此，黃巾軍中的農民反叛軍蜂擁至國家重要的農業區——中國北部平原。

Power of the Liu royalty then fell into the hands of local governors and warlords, despite suppression of the main upraising of Zhang Jiao and his brothers.

儘管有張角兄弟爲主力的鎮壓，劉皇室的權力後來還是落入了地方首領和軍閥的手中。

Three overlords eventually succeeded in control of the whole of China proper, ushering in the period of the Three Kingdoms.

三位君主最總成功控制了中原地區，引領時代進入三國時期。

The figurehead Emperor Xian reigned until A.D. 220 when Cao Pi forced his abdication.

傀儡皇帝漢獻帝在曹丕的逼迫下於公元220年退位。

In 311, around one hundred years after the fall of the Eastern Han, its capital Luoyang was sacked by barbarians.

311年，大約是東漢王朝覆滅後的100年，一羣蠻族人洗劫了當年的都城洛陽。