中英雙語話歷史 第76期:元朝(元朝的統治政策)
The concurrently-used Administration of Mongols and the Establishment of Xing Sheng System ： The administration of the Yuan Dynasty is a mixture of the Mongols and the Hans in general.
The central government consisted of Zhong-shusheng, Shumiyuan and Yushitai.
中央設中書省、樞密院和御史臺。Zhongshusheng controlled the national affairs. Shumiyuan controlled the military affairs and Yushitai was in charge of the laws.
中書省總理全國政務，樞密院掌管軍事，御史臺司監察。
In the localities Xingzhongshusheng was set up, which was abbreviated as Xingsheng.
地方設行中書省，簡稱行省。Under Xingsheng there were Lu, Fu, prefectures and counties.
行省下設路、府，州、縣。Except the chief governor in the different levels of administration “Daluhuachi” was ap-pointed in the governments of different levels, which were given to the Mongolians or the Semus, and they had the real power.
各級官署除主管官吏外，均設“達魯花赤”，由蒙古人或色目人充任,掌實權。The establishment of Xingsheng system is an important reform of the administration in the history of China and it strengthened the unification of the country.
行省制度的確立，是我國曆史上政權機構的重大變革，它從政治上鞏固了國家的統一。Later, the Xingshengs had been developed into the names of the administrative regions,which initially laid the essential foundation for the scales of the provinces of Ming and Qing dynasties and even the modern provinces.
這些“行省”，後來發展成行政區的名稱，初步奠定了明清乃至今天省區的規模。The establishment of Xuanzhengyuan and Xunjiansi：The Yuan Dynasty set up Xuanzhengyuan in the Central to control Buddhism in the country and the administrative affairs in Tibet.
宣政院、巡檢司的設置:元朝在中央設置宣政院，管理全國佛教和藏族地區的行政事務。The subordinate officials were the Buddhist or the common people, who were in charge of the military affairs and the civil administration.
其下屬官吏僧俗並用，兼管軍事民政。In the Yuan Dynasty, Tibet had been a formal administrative region under the control of the central government.
元朝時，西藏正式成爲我國中央政府直接管轄的一個行政區域。The Yuan Dynasty set up “Xunjian” on the boarder and the passes to maintain the public order.
元朝在沿邊或關隘要地設置“巡檢”管理治安等事。In 1360，The Yuan Dynasty set up its “Xunjiansi” in Penghu to take charge of Penghu and Taiwan.
1360年，元朝政府在澎 湖設“巡檢司”，管理滲湖和臺灣。The establishment of Military system, Relay station and Jidipu ： The forces of the Yuan Dynasty consisted of the imperial guards in the Capital and the garrisons throughout the country.
軍制、驛站與急遞鋪的設置:元朝軍隊分宿衛京師的禁軍和駐防各地的鎮戍軍。The garrisons were under the command of Shumiyuan.
鎮戍軍歸樞密院調遣。The Yuan Dynasty built roads extending to all directions, taking the Capital Dadu (the modern Beijing) as the center and set up relay stations in order to ^communicate with the frontiers and understand the situations in the frontiers and to deliver orders.
元朝以都城大都（今北京）爲中心，修築四通八達的交通線，並設置驛站，以便 “通達邊情，布宣號令”。At that time there were more than 1300 relay stations in the country.
全國有驛站1300多處。Besides, Yuan had its Jodhpur to particularly deliver the urgent documents.
另外還設有專門傳遞緊急公文的“急遞鋪”。The four classes of citizens and the national oppression ： the Yuan governors divided the nationalities in China then into four classes.
四等級的劃分與民族壓迫:元朝統治者把全國各族人分爲四等。The first was the Mongolians. The second class was the Semis (including all the ethnics in the Northwest of our country and the people came to China from the Mid Asia and Europe). The third was the Hans (they were the Hans, the Qidans and the Jurchens etc. under the control of Jin) and the fourth was the Southerners (all the nationalities in the Southern Song regions).
第一等是蒙 古人，第二等是色目人（包括我國西北地區各族及中亞、東歐來到中國的人），第三等是漢人(原金統治區域的漢族和契丹、女真等族人），第四等是南人（原南宋統治 區的各族人）。
